Ch 40

Front 1

physiology

Back 1

the functions an organism performs

Front 2

exchange with the environment

Back 2

substances dissolve into the acqueous medium and diffuse across the cell's plasma membrane

Front 3

sack body walls

Back 3

2 cells thick to facilitate diffusion

Front 4

columnar epithelia

Back 4

large cytoplasmic voumes, located where secretion/absorption take place

Front 5

epithelia

Back 5

closely joined cells, covers outside of body, organs and cavities

Front 6

connective tissue

Back 6

binds and supports other tissue. losely scattered cells in cellular matrix

Front 7

muscle tissue

Back 7

long cells called muscle fibers, contract in response to nerve signals

Front 8

nerve tissue

Back 8

sense stimuli and transmit signal throughout the animal

Front 9

bioenergetics

Back 9

flow of energy through an animal, determines how much food the animal needs. molecules from food are used to make ATP. any remaining are used for biosynthesis

Front 10

biosynthesis

Back 10

growth, storage, and reproduction

Front 11

metabolic rate

Back 11

the amount of energy an animal uses in a certain amount of time. affected by endo vs. ecto, size and activity.

Front 12

endothermic

Back 12

birds and mammals, body heat is generated by metabolism. higher metabolic rate

Front 13

ectothermic

Back 13

amphibians and reptiles, body heat is absorbed from environment, lower metabolic rate,

Front 14

size and activity on metabolic rate

Back 14

*metabolic rate is inversely related to body size
*maximum metabolic rate is inversely related to the duration of the activity

Front 15

BMR/SMR

Back 15

basal metabolic rate- metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest
standard metabolic rate- metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest

Front 16

energy partitions

Back 16

energy is divided into BMR/SMR, homeostasis, activity, growth and reproduction

Front 17

homeostasis

Back 17

a balance between external changes and the animal’s internal control mechanisms that oppose the changes

Front 18

interstitial

Back 18

the internal environment of a vertebrate that is very different from the external

Front 19

homeostatic control system

Back 19

a receptor, a control center, and an effector

Front 20

positive feedback

Back 20

a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that amplify rather than reverse the change

Front 21

negative feedback

Back 21

change in variable triggers control mechanism to counteract further change in the same direction

Front 22

ectotherms vs. endotherms

Back 22

ectotherms tolerate greater variation in temperature. Endothermy is more energetically expensive because it buffers the animal’s internal temps against external fluctuations and enables the animal to maintain a high level of aerobic metabolism

Front 23

exchnage of heat (4)

Back 23

convection, conduction, radiation and evaporation

Front 24

insulation

Back 24

reduces heat flow between an animal and its environment (integumentary system)

Front 25

circulatory adaptions

Back 25

vasodilation-blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss (give off heat)
vasoconstriction-blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss

Front 26

countercurrent

Back 26

arrangment of blood vessels that reduces heat loss

Front 27

cooling by evaporative heat loss

Back 27

lose heat through evaporation of water in sweat, bathing, panting

Front 28

behavioral resonses

Back 28

postures that maxamize or minimize absorption of heat

Front 29

adjusting metabolic heat protection

Back 29

shivering

Front 30

feedback mechanisms

Back 30

negative feedback involving many organ systems

Front 31

hypothalamus

Back 31

thermostat

Front 32

acclimitization

Back 32

animals adjust to a new range of environmental temperatures over a period of days or weeks. cellular adjustments or adjustments of insulation and metabolic heat production

Front 33

torpor

Back 33

physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases. enables animals to save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions

Front 34

hibernation

Back 34

sustained torpor

Front 35

estivation

Back 35

summer torpor, enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water supplies

Front 36

chondrocytes

Back 36

secrete a protein/carb complex, specific cells of cartilage

Front 37

erythrocytes

Back 37

red blood cells, contains hemoglobin, transports oxygen

Front 38

leukocytes

Back 38

white blood cell, functions in immunity

Front 39

osteoblasts

Back 39

bone forming cells that deposit a matrix and calcium, phosphate and magnesium ions

Front 40

fibroblasts

Back 40

secrete protein ingredients of extracellular fiber

Front 41

macrophages

Back 41

amoeboid cells that engulf bacteria and dead cells by phagocytosis

Front 42

skeletal muscle

Back 42

unbranched fibers, striated, attached to bones, voluntary movement

Front 43

cardiac muscle

Back 43

branched fibers, striated, heart, pump blood

Front 44

smooth muscle

Back 44

spindle shaped cells, unstriated, digestive tract, involuntary movement