Ch 40

Front 1

homeostasis is the ______ of ______ conditions in an ______ environment

Back 1

maintenance; stable; internal

Front 2

physiological systems are controlled by the _______ and _______ systems

Back 2

nervous; endocrine

Front 3

__________ of the internal environment requires ________

Back 3

regulation; information

Front 4

information needed for physiological systems: ___ point, _____ information, and ____ signal

Back 4

set, feedback, error

Front 5

what is a set point?

Back 5

a reference point

Front 6

what is feedback information telling you?

Back 6

what's happening in the system

Front 7

what is an error signal?

Back 7

any difference between the set point and feedback information

Front 8

negative feedback causes _______ to counteract the influence that creates an _____ _______

Back 8

effectors; error signal

Front 9

positive feedback ______ a response and increases ________ from a set point

Back 9

amplifies; deviation

Front 10

feedforward info anticipates _______ _______ and changes the ___ ______

Back 10

internal changes; set point

Front 11

_______ ______: obtain, integrate, and process info

Back 11

regulatory systems

Front 12

regulatory systems issue commands to _______ _______

Back 12

controlled systems

Front 13

regulatory systems contain ______ to provide feedback info that's compared to the ____ ______

Back 13

sensors; set point

Front 14

effectors include ____, ____ and ____ that respond to commands from the ______ system

Back 14

cells, tissues, organs; regulatory

Front 15

effectors are ______ systems

Back 15

controlled

Front 16

regulatory systems receive info as ________ feedback, which causes _______ to reduce or reverse a process

Back 16

negative; effectors

Front 17

four types of tissue: ________, _______, _______, ________ (ECMN)

Back 17

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Front 18

complex multicellular animals are possible because of a _____ ________ environment of _______ fluid

Back 18

stable, internal
extracellular

Front 19

extracellular fluid includes ____ _______ and _______ _____ that bathes each cell.

Back 19

blood plasma and interstitial fluid

Front 20

what are the two types of functions used to maintain the internal environment?

Back 20

internal and external

Front 21

external functions include the transport of ______ and ______ and maintenance of ___ ________

Back 21

waste and nutrients
ion concentrations

Front 22

internal functions include _______, energy _________, _________ and information ____________
(CSMP)

Back 22

circulation, storage, movement, processing

Front 23

most living cells function is limited to what range? what's the 'but'?

Back 23

0-45 degrees celsius
even with this range temperature can still cause problems for animals

Front 24

most physiological processes are ______ sensitive. when do they go faster?

Back 24

temperature
go faster at higher temperaturesQ

Front 25

What's the equation for Q?

Back 25

Reaction at a particular temp (rt) divded by the rate of that reaction at 10 degrees lower (rt-10)

Front 26

animals have three classifications according to the sources of heat that determine their body temperature. what are they?

Back 26

ectotherms, endotherms, and heterotherms

Front 27

what are ectotherms? what animals fall in this category?

Back 27

depend on external heat sources to maintain body temperature; most animals aside from mammals and birds fall in this category

Front 28

what are endotherms? what animals fall in this category?

Back 28

regulate body temperature by generating metabolic heat/preventing heat loss

mammals/birds

Front 29

what are heterotherms? what's an example of an animal that is a heterotherm?

Back 29

animals that regulate their body temperature at a constant level SOME of the time

ex: hibernating animals

Front 30

an endotherm will ______ its ______ rate to maintain its body temperature in cold conditions

Back 30

increase; metabolic

Front 31

both endoderms and ectoderms may use ________ regulation to maintain body temperature. example?

Back 31

behavioral

ex: moving into sun

Front 32

endotherms respond to environmental change by changing their rate of ______ _______

Back 32

heat production

Front 33

the basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the metabolic rate of ________ animal within the ________ zone

Back 33

resting;
thermoneutral

Front 34

the BMR of an endoctherm is how many times of that of an ectotherm?

Back 34

six

Front 35

the thermnoetural zone is bound by ____ _____ and ____ ____ temperature

Back 35

lower critical and upper critical

Front 36

when environmental temperature falls below the lower critical temperature, mammals _________ by generating heat, aka _________, via ______/_____ heat production

Back 36

thermoregulate
thermogenesis
shivering/nonshivering

Front 37

what animals only use the shivering mechanism and not the nonshivering mechanism of thermogenesis?

Back 37

birds

Front 38

in shivering, _______ muscles use ATP to release heat. ______ ______ movement also generates heat

Back 38

skeletal
active body

Front 39

most nonshivering heat production occurs in specialized _____ _____ called ______ fat. it has abundant ________ and rich _____ supply

Back 39

adipose tissue
brown
mitochondria
blood

Front 40

brown fat cells have the protein _______ which uncouples ______ movement from ______ production

Back 40

thermogenin
proton
atp

Front 41

the regulator of body temperature is located at the bottom of the brain in the __________

Back 41

hypothalamus

Front 42

animals can save energy by turning down the 'thermostat' to below normal. what is this called?

Back 42

hypothermia

Front 43

_____ ______ is an adaptive hypothermia that saves metabolic energy

Back 43

daily torpor

Front 44

regulated hypothermia's called what?

Back 44

hibernation