Ch 4 - Psych As A Natural Science

Front 1

What is consciousness?

Back 1

Subjective awareness of everything going on inside and outside of you

Front 2

What are thoughts, feelings, and sensations that are clear?

Back 2

Waking state

Front 3

What is the shift in quality or pattern of mental activity?

Back 3

Altered state

Front 4

What is a state of consciousness occurring in cycles of several stages?

Back 4

Sleep

Front 5

What are patterns governed by biological processes (called 'clocks') and cycle over days, weeks, months or years called?

Back 5

Biological rhythms

Front 6

What are internally driven biological rhythms that cycle about every 24 hours, affecting physiological and behavioral processes called?

Back 6

Circadian rhythms

Front 7

What is another name for the "sleep-wake" cycle?

Back 7

Circadian rhythm

Front 8

Where in the brain does the sleep-wake cycle occur?

Back 8

Hypothalamus

Front 9

What is the hormone secreted by the pineal gland?

Back 9

Melatonin

Front 10

What is the internal clock that tells people when to wake up and when to fall asleep?

Back 10

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Front 11

Melatonin peaks at _______ and is reduced during ________.

Back 11

nighttime
wakefulness

Front 12

What controls body temperature?

Back 12

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Front 13

Special cells in the _______ relay messages about ______ in the environment to the _______.

Back 13

Retina

Light

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Front 14

What happens if we don't get light cues?

Back 14

1) Daily rhythms remain
2) Gradually begin to shift

Front 15

What are 2 time-keeping sources?

Back 15

1) Endogenous biological clocks with 25 hour cycle
2) Ligt acts as a zeitgeber - time-giver, that resets the clocks daily

Front 16

Which waves are generally smaller and faster in which the person is wide awake and mentally active?

Back 16

Beta waves

Front 17

Which waves are generally larger and slower where the person is relaxed or lightly sleeping?

Back 17

Alpha waves

Front 18

Which stage of non-REM sleep is light sleep, marked by theta waves; breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate decreases?

Back 18

N1 (R&K Stage 1)

Front 19

Which state has hypnagogic (supernatural, hauntings), hallucinations (aliens, near-death experiences), and hypnic jerk?

Back 19

N1 (R&K Stage 1)

Front 20

Which sleep theory is a product of evolution?

Back 20

Adaptive theory

Front 21

Which sleep theory states that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body?

Back 21

Restorative theory

Front 22

Which stage of non-REM sleep is marked by sleep spindles (bursts of activity lasting a second or two) and k-complexes: brain waves continue to slow, temperature, breathing, and heart rate decrease?

Back 22

N2 (R&K Stage 2)

Front 23

Which stage of non-REM sleep is marked by delta waves increasing from 20-50+ percent of total brain activity (very slow brain waves) and is also difficult to wake a person at this stage?

Back 23

N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4)

Front 24

Which stage is the lightest stage of sleep?

Back 24

REM

Front 25

Which stage is the deepest stage of sleep?

Back 25

N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4)

Front 26

Which stage has quickening brain waves, inhibited body movement, and rapid eye movement?

Back 26

REM

Front 27

Which stage is also called paradoxical sleep, consists of 90% dreaming, and has hypnopompic hallucinations?

Back 27

REM

Front 28

What are bad dream?

Back 28

Nightmares

Front 29

What is a state of panic/fear experienced while sound asleep including sitting up, screaming, running around the room, or flailing at some unseen attacker?

Back 29

Night terrors

Front 30

What is the inability to get to sleep, to stay sleep, or to get a good quality of sleep?

Back 30

Insomnia

Front 31

What is it called when a person stop breathing for 1- seconds or more and oftentimes causes snoring?

Back 31

Sleep apnea

Front 32

What is the disorder that affects 1 in every 2,000 persons and is a kind of "sleep seizure" in which a person randomly falls asleep during the day?

Back 32

Narcolepsy

Front 33

What is the disorder that involves sitting, walking, or performing complex behavior while asleep?

Back 33

Somnambulism

Front 34

What is the sleep disorder that has uncomfortable sensations in legs causing movement and loss of sleep?

Back 34

Restless leg syndrome

Front 35

What is the sleep disorder that causes painful cramps in calf or foot muscles?

Back 35

Nocturnal leg cramps

Front 36

What is the sleep disorder that causes excessive daytime sleepiness?

Back 36

Hypersomnia

Front 37

What is the sleep disorder that causes disturbances in the sleep-wake cycle such as jet lag and shift work?

Back 37

circadian rhythm disorders

Front 38

What is the sleep disorder that causes urination while asleep in bed?

Back 38

Enuresis

Front 39

**Which theory of dreaming had unconscious expression of wish fulfillment, manifest content, latent content, and lack of scientific evidence?

Back 39

The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900

Front 40

Which dream theory states that a dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep and is oftentimes less realistic? It also suggest that dreams arise from random bursts of excitatory brain activity from the brain stem.

Back 40

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Front 41

Which dream theory states that information accessed during waking hours can have influence on the synthesis of dreams?

Back 41

Activation-Information-Mode (AIM Hypothesis)

Front 42

True or False: Do all vertebrates sleep?

Back 42

True

Front 43

True or False: Do cold-blooded animals exhibit REM?

Back 43

False; only warm-blooded animals exhibit REM

Front 44

True or false: Is sleep essential for survival?

Back 44

True

Front 45

True or False: REM sleep helps consolidate non-declarative memory (skills).

Back 45

True

Front 46

True or False: REM sleep slows wave sleep to help consolidate declarative memory (facts).

Back 46

True

Front 47

Sleep loss that impairs concentration and results in irritability

Back 47

Sleep deprivation

Front 48

Sleep lasting only a few seconds while in a deprivation state

Back 48

Microsleeps

Front 49

How many nights of sleep deprivation leads to edginess, irritability, poor concentration the next day?

Back 49

One night

Front 50

How many nights of sleep deprivation leads to depression, difficulties in learning and attending, and slowed reaction times?

Back 50

Multiple nights

Front 51

How many nights of sleep deprivation leads to hearing voices or seeing things?

Back 51

More than four days of severe deprivation

Front 52

What sleep deprivation diseases is a rare inherited neurological disorder that causes profound insomnia, slow-wave sleep disappears, deficits in attention and memory, dreamlike-confused state, loss of autonomic and endocrine control, and increased body temp? Eventually it results in death.

Back 52

Fatal familial insomnia (FFI)

Front 53

What is the state of consciousness where a person is especially susceptible to suggestion?

Back 53

Hypnosis

Front 54

Which procedure involves shifting consciousness to a highly focused, aware state, in control of mental processes?

Back 54

Meditation

Front 55

What are therapeutic programs that teach and promote mindfulness to improves well-being and reduce negative experiences?

Back 55

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)

Front 56

Which theory of hypnosis focuses on immediate consciousness, while hidden "observer" is aware of everything going on?

Back 56

Hypnosis as dissociation

Front 57

Which theory of hypnosis focuses on hypnotized people not in an altered state but are playing the situational role expected of them?

Back 57

Social-cognitive theory

Front 58

A distinct feeling of having seen or experienced a situation that is impossible or unlikely to have previously occurred

Back 58

Deja vu

Front 59

Which 1906 act created accurate labeling, established the FDA, and stated that no substances were made illegal?

Back 59

Pure Food and Drug Act

Front 60

Which 1914 act that took place at the Int'l Opium Conference restricted marketing of opiates, cocaine and later created implications for prescribers?

Back 60

Harrison Narcotics Act

Front 61

Which 1920 act prohibited alcohol that was greater than .5% however was repealed in 1933?

Back 61

The 18th Amendment

Front 62

Drugs that alter behavior, thinking, perception, and/or memory

Back 62

Psychoactive drugs

Front 63

Which 1937 act taxed import/transfer of marijuana and influenced the Leary v The United State (1969) which made the act shut down?

Back 63

Marijuana tax act

Front 64

Which 1970 act replaced all previous legislation, established 5 schedules of controlled substances (schedules I-V), established the DEA, and is still in effect today?

Back 64

Controlled Substances Act

Front 65

Why can't we define addiction?

Back 65

Many substances don't induce "classical" withdrawal and there are clear psychological components to addiction

Front 66

What are some physical aspects of dependence when it comes to addiction?

Back 66

Body adapts to chronic drug use

-Withdrawal, tolerance, acts as a negative reinforcer

Front 67

What are some psychological aspects of dependence?

Back 67

Compulsion to seek or take drug:

-Source of psychological well-being, acts as a positive reinforcer

Front 68

1) Compulsion to seek and take a drug

2) loss of control in limiting intake

3) emergence of a negative emotional state when access to the drug is prevented

Back 68

Characterizations of chronically relapsing disorder

Front 69

Observations in adolescents where those who use legal substances often progress to marijuana and some even to illicit substances

Back 69

Gateway model

Front 70

Stable physiologicalequilibrium withnormal ‘set point’

Back 70

Homeostatis

Front 71

Unstable compensatedequilibrium withpathological ‘set point’

Back 71

Allostasis

Front 72

What category of drugs speeds up the nervous system typically to enhance wakefulness and alertness?

Back 72

Stimulants

Front 73

Name all the stimulants that exist:

Back 73

Cocaine

Methylphenidate (Ritalin®)

Amphetamines

‘Bath Salts’ (Syn. Cathinone)

Nicotine

Caffeine

Front 74

Substances that produce dissociation and/or perceptual distortions (serotonin/glutamate)

Back 74

Hallucinogens

Front 75

List all the hallucinogens talked about in the book:

Back 75

LSD

Psilocybin

Ecstasy (MDMA)

‘Molly’ (MDA)

Ketamine(“Special K” and“Vitamin K”)

DMT (dimethyltryptamine)

Front 76

Which drug targets GABA, opioid, and dopamine receptors while inhibiting frontal lobe?

Back 76

Alcohol

Front 77

What are some negative consequences of alcohol?

Back 77

Assault

Pregnancy

Drinking and driving

Front 78

What is the most commonly used drug worldwide?

Back 78

Alcohol