Ch 4 Plants

Front 1

What are leaves made of? What are the parts of a leaf?

Back 1

Cells and tissues.

The parts include the epidermis (outside layers of flat cells). The inner tissue looks like sponge. It also has tiny pores that can let air in and out of the inner tissue. They also have vessel tubes that carry food and water throughout the plant.

Front 2

What is photosynthesis?

Back 2

It's the process that plants and some organisms use to make sugar for food. It takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells.

Carbon dioxide and water are used to make sugar and oxygen. Sunlight provides the energy needed for photosynthesis.

CO2 + H2O + sunlight energy = O + sugar

Process:
Chlorophyll in the chloroplasts absorb sunlight for energy. Water enters the chloroplasts (usually from the roots), then carbon dioxide enter the chloroplasts (through the leaf pores), then sugar and oxygen are produced during photosynthesis.

Plants make more sugar on sunny days then on cloudy days.

Front 3

What is a leaf?

Back 3

A major part of a plant. Food is made in the plant's leaves using a process called photosynthesis, and takes place in the plant cell's chloroplasts.

They are made up of cells and tissue.

Front 4

What can plants do that animals can't?

Back 4

They can make food.

Front 5

What is the outside layer of a leaf called?

Back 5

The epidermis. It is sort of like the outside of your skin.
It protects the plant.

Front 6

What do plant vessel tissue do?

Back 6

In some ways these tubes are like our blood vessels. They carry food and water to all the other parts of the plant.

Front 7

How do plants use sunlight? How do their cells work at night?

Back 7

Plant cells use cellular respiration, like our cells. Plants use oxygen with food to get the energy they need for growth, repairs, and reproduction.

Front 8

Do plants use all the sugar they make immediately?

Back 8

No, they will store some of this sugar to use at night. For long term storage, plants join many sugars to form a chemical called starch.

Front 9

Are plants the only organisms to get energy from sugar and starch?

Back 9

No, animals that eat food from plants use the starch and sugars in them for energy.

Front 10

What is cellulose?

Back 10

Thousands of sugars combine to form cellulose in plants. This chemical makes up the strong cell walls of plants.

Front 11

What gives a plant it's green color?

Back 11

Chloroplasts. Inside chloroplast are structures called Chlorophyll that look like plates.

Front 12

What type of plants have xylem and phloem?

Back 12

Vascular plants

Front 13

What are xylem and phloem?

Back 13

They are specials tissue inside some plants that material moves through. They are found in roots, leaves, and stems.

Veins in leaves are examples of xylem of phloem.

Front 14

What are xylem tissue?

Back 14

They are tubes that carry materials from the roots to the leaves. They carry water and minerals.

Front 15

What are phloem tissue?

Back 15

They are tubes that carry sugar away from leaves. The sugar in plants dissolve in water and is carried by the phloem from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

Front 16

How is phloem made in trees?

Back 16

They are made below the bark. When new phloem cells form and grow, they push old dead phloem outward which makes up the bark of the tree.

The bark protects the phloem behind it.

Front 17

Stems hold leaves high. Why is this important?

Back 17

Plants need light to make food. The higher the leaves, the less likely they are to be shaded by their neighbors.

Front 18

What are two kinds of stems?

Back 18

Woody and non-woody stems.

Woody stems have lots of xylem tissue. Non-woody stems have less xylem tissue.

Trees and shrubs have woody stems.

Pea plants and dandelions have non-woody stems.

Front 19

What if the function of a root?

Back 19

They hold plants in place as it grows. Some roots like taproots store food for the plant. They also absorb water and nutrients called minerals from the soil.

Front 20

What are the characteristics of a taproot?

Back 20

It grows straight down. It remains the largest root structure as the plant grows. It stores food for the plant.

Small roots may grow sideways out of the main taproot.

Front 21

What are the characteristics of fibrous roots?

Back 21

These roots grow out in all direction. The roots divide many times into smaller and smaller roots. They sometimes look like an upside down tree.

Front 22

How do roots grow longer?

Back 22

They grow longer because of special tissue near the root tips. Cells at the tips divide quickly to form new cells. As the new cells grow longer, they push the root tip farther into the ground.

Front 23

What are root hairs?

Back 23

They are tiny extensions of root cells. Water enter the plant through these structures.

Front 24

What are stems?

Back 24

They are plant organs. Leaves are attached to stems. They also hold fruits and flowers on plants.

Some stems have thorns that protect the plant.

Front 25

What are the parts of a flower?

Back 25

There are the petals are the colorful outer area of a flower. It can sometimes attract animals.

The stamen is the male part of the flower. Pollen, a grainy often yellow powder is made in tissue called anthers at the top of each stamen.

The pistil is the female part of the flower. It often has a bottle shape with a wide bottom and narrow neck. The tissue at the top of the pistil is called the stigma. A flower can have more then one pistil. Egg cells are found in the bottom of the pistil.

Not all flowers have both stamens and pistils. An imperfect flower has only of these parts. Perfect flowers have both stamens and pistils.

Front 26

What is pollen?

Back 26

A grainy often yellow powder used to fertilize other flowers.

Front 27

What is a composite flower?

Back 27

A flower made up of many smaller flowers (like a sunflower).

Front 28

What is DNA?

Back 28

DNA contains all the information for making flowers, leaves, and every part of the plant. It is used to pass down information from a plant to other plants.

Eggs and sperm only contain half the amount of DNA found in other cells. When they combine, they make a whole set of DNA.

Combining DNA from two parents allows plants to have characteristics from both parents.

Front 29

What is sexual reproduction?

Back 29

It is the passing of DNA from two parents to an offspring. In plants, flowers are where sexual reproduction takes place.

Front 30

What is pollination?

Back 30

Its the moving of pollen from the stamen to the pistil. It can involve the stamen and pistil of the same plant or two plants.

It takes place in different ways: wind or water can move pollen, animals going from flower to flower can move pollen.

Some plants are pollinated in only way, others can be pollinated in many ways.

Sperm cells from the pollen travel down tubes grown from the pollen in the pistil to bottom where the egg cells are. The joining of cells is called fertilization.

Front 31

How are seeds formed in plants?

Back 31

Egg and sperm join together to make a whole set of DNA. Over days, the cell grows and divides many times until it forms a seed.

Sometimes the seed can be wrapped up in something tasty like an apple or orange to attract animals to carry the seed away.

Front 32

What are the three main parts of a seed?

Back 32

The seed coat, embryo, and endosperm.

The seed coat protects the embryo (the new plant) and it also holds a stash of food called endosperm.

An embryo has structures called seed leaves or cotyledons. Seeds with one cotyledon are called monocots. Seeds with two cotyledon are called dicots.

Front 33

What are some characteristics of monocot plants and seeds?

Back 33

Monocot seeds have one area of stored food (like corn).

Monocot leaves have veins that are parallel.

Many monocot plants have fibrous root systems.

Front 34

What are some characteristics of dicot plants and seeds?

Back 34

Dicot seeds have two areas of stored food (like beans).

Dicot leaves have veins that branch out.

Many dicot plants have taproot systems.

Front 35

How do seeds spread?

Back 35

Seeds can spread by just falling on the ground and sprouting, scattering when animals eat them and the seed passes through their digestive system, and water may carry the seed away.

Front 36

How does the seed know when to sprout?

Back 36

They sprout when the seed detects that the outside temperature and moisture is right. The embryo can't wait too long because eventually it will die.

Front 37

What are spores?

Back 37

Some plants do not produce flowers. They reproduce using spores, which is a single plant cell that can develop into a new plant.

Spores are not made by fertilization like seeds are, and they do not have a multicellular embryo like a seed. However, they do store food like seeds and they are covered with a protective wall.

They can wait a long time for the right conditions before they start to grow.

Front 38

What is asexual reproduction?

Back 38

In asexual reproduction, there is only one parent. All genetic information come from one parent, so the offspring will normally have the same genetic information as the parent.

Front 39

Some plant can reproduce asexually using two methods. What are those methods called?

Back 39

They are called runners and budding.

Some plants can grow long stems that grow new plants called runners. Spider plants and strawberries can reproduce using runners.

Some plants can develop buds, that grow and drop off to form new plants. Duckweed is a plant that can from buds.

Front 40

What is another name for spouting?

Back 40

germination

Front 41

What happens when a seed sprouts?

Back 41

Roots will grow out of the seed and grow downward.

A tiny stem will out of the seed and grow upward.

A plant embryo will not grow out of the seed if it is too cold or too dry for that kind of seed. The conditions a plant needs depends on its DNA.

Front 42

What affects the growth of a plant?

Back 42

Its DNA and its environment.

The environment will affect how well a plant will grow, and its DNA will affect the growth rate of a particular plant.

Front 43

What causes a plant to be shaped in a certain way?

Back 43

Its DNA.

Front 44

What is tropism?

Back 44

Its the way that plants change their direction of growth in response to the environment.

Front 45

What is growth hormone?

Back 45

It is a kind of chemical that affects plant growth. These chemicals cause more cells to grow in the plant and can make the plant grow larger.

Plants make their own growth.

Front 46

What are vacuoles?

Back 46

Vacuoles are parts of plant cells that store water. They can fill up with water and make the cell larger.

Front 47

What are three types of tropism?

Back 47

Gravitropism, Phototropism, and Thigmotropism.

Front 48

What is gravitropism?

Back 48

Gravitropism is the growth of a plant or plant part because of the pull of gravity.

Roots tend to grow in the direction of gravity.

Stems tend to grow against the direction of gravity.

Front 49

What is phototropism?

Back 49

Phototropism is a plant's reaction to a source of light.

A plants stems or sometimes only its leaves will grow toward a light.

Front 50

What is thigmotropism?

Back 50

Thigmotropism is a plants growth in response to touching an object?

Thigmotropism allows plants to grow higher to get sunlight.

Roots may bend to grow away from rocks and hard soil.