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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Robert Walpole
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1676-1745
First Prime Minister of England Walpole was the single most influential politician in England for a period of 20 years. |
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Privy Council
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A council of the British sovereign that until the 17th century was the supreme legislative body
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Benjamin Franklin
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From 1757 to 1775 he remained in England as a colonial representative. When he came back, he was drafted into the second Continental Congress and helped write the Dec. of Ind.
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New France
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By the late 17th century a great rivalry had formed between New France and England. Major wars were fought but the French and Indian War finished with New France
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Paltry Wages
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The taxes and restrictions implicated by the British caused many colonists to fear economic stagnation
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Albany Plan
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1754
Benjamin Franklin and Massachusetts governor Thomas Hutchinson drafted a proposal for colonial unity because of the war with France.It was approved by the delegates at Albany, but not a single colonial assembly ratified it |
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French Indian War
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1754-1763
the beginning of conflict between Britain and the colonies because when the colonies petitioned for help the British ignored them. The colonists also gained military experience |
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Louis XIV
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Longest reign of European history (1643-1715)
Known as the Sun King During his reign France stabilized and became one of the strongest powers in Europe. |
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Missionary Zeal
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Missionaries where among the first to arrive to the NA. French missionary were very passionate towards the Indians and often lived amongst them
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Louis Joliet
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1645-1700
Canadian Explorer Famous for exploring the Great Lakes Region and discovering the Mississippi |
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Father Jacques Marquette
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1637-1675
Jesuit Priest and Explorer Discovering the Mississippi River with Louis Joliet |
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Rene Robert Cavelier
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1643-1687
French explorer First European to travel the length of the Mississippi River. Named Louisiana and claimed it for France |
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The Iroquois Confederacy
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confederation of five (later six) Indian tribes across upper New York state that during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for mastery of North America.
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King Williams War
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1689-1697
King William’s War was the first in a series of colonial conflicts between France and England for supremacy in North America. The major goal, other than prestige, was the control of the fur trade. |
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Fort Necessity
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Hastily constructed fort done so at the orders of George Washington, a young officer fighting for England, after his failure to take Fort Duquesne, an important French fort near present-day Pittsburgh. In the 1754 battle, the French easily overcame the small English force and demanded Washington's surrender. Washington was allowed to lead his men away after he agreed to leave two English officers behind as hostages.
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William Pitt
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1708-1778
Powerful leader in England who sympathized with colonies. Had a major role in the victory of the British in the French and Indian War. George III did not like him because he was usually part of the opposition. criticized the peace of Paris. |
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Siege of Quebec
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The fall of Quebec, the fortified capital of New France, to British forces in 1759 led to the ultimate defeat of French power in North America. The dramatic battle on the Plains of Abraham which secured final victory for Major General James Wolfe not only set the course for the future of Canada, it also opened the door to the independence of the thirteen American colonies some twenty years later.
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Peace of Paris 1763
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ended the Seven Years’ War
Britain emerged as the world’s leading colonial empire. Her possessions stretched from India to Africa to the West Indies to North America. Britain shocked the world by taking France from Canada rather than the prosperous West Indian sugar islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique. George III could have gotten more land, but was fearful |
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Proclamation of 1763
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closed off the frontier to colonial expansion. The King and his council presented the proclamation to calm the fears of the Indians, who felt that the colonists would drive them from their lands as they expanded westward. Many in the colonies felt that the object was to pen them in along the Atlantic seaboard where they would be easier to regulate, and their was a lot of resentment among the colonies.
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Greenville Ministry
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Led by George Greenville. Believed Parliament needed more control over the colonies and taxes. Famous for instituting the stamp act
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Sugar Act
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1764
reduced the rate of tax on molasses and was strictly enforced. The situation disrupted the colonial economy by reducing the markets to which the colonies could sell, and the amount of currency available to them for the purchase of British manufactured goods |
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Currency Act
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1764 required the colonial assemblies to stop issuing paper money and retire their money. The new imperial program was an effort to reapply to the colonies the old principles of mercantilism.
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Paxton Boys
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1763
a band of people from western PA known as the Paxton Boys descended on Philadelphia with demands for relief from colonial taxes and for money to help them defend themselves against Indians; the colonial government averted bloodshed only by making concessions to them |
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Regulatory Movement
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In 1771, a small-scale civil war broke out as a result of the so-called Regulator movement in North Carolina. The Regulators were farmers of the Carolina upcountry who organized in opposition to the high taxes that local sheriffs collected.
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Stamp Act
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1765
antagonized and unified the colonies. The new tax evoked particular opposition from some of the most powerful members of the population. The colonists were not so angry with the cost but that it was a direct attempt by England to raise revenue in the colonies without the consent of the colonial assemblies. The Stamp Act was revoked by Parliament because of economic pressure from English merchants losing business |
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Virginia Resovles
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Patrick Henry made several resolutions against the Stamp Act. The House of Burgesses defeated the most extreme of Henry’s resolutions, but all of them were printed and circulated as the “Virginia Resolves.”
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Sons of Liberty
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Secret radical groups in the colonies adopted this name and worked to oppose the stamp tax and other later parliamentary revenue programs
Samuel Adams and Paul Revere headed the Sons of Liberty in Massachusetts. The Sons there also organized demonstrations, enforced boycotts, and occasionally resorted to violence to advance their agenda. Similar groups were later formed in the Carolinas, Virginia and Georgia. The Sons of Liberty's influence waned in most of the colonies following the repeal of the Stamp Act in early 1766. However, the movement was revived with the passage of the Townshend Acts in 1767, and would remain a fixture of American resistance to the time of independence. It was then that they played a particularly prominent role in setting up the First Continental Congress (1774). |
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The Tory's
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Royalists, loyalists, who supported British sovereignty over the colonies
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Mutiny Act
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also known as the Quartering Act
1765 was a routine parliamentary measure that included a provision for quartering of troops in the American colonies colonists protested that the Mutiny Act violated the principle of no taxation without representation |
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Quartering Act
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also known as the Mutiny Act (see mutiny act card)
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Townshend Act
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1767
instituted by Charles Townshend British legislation intended to raise revenue, tighten customs enforcement, and assert imperial authority in America.The key statute levied import duties on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. Its purpose was to provide salaries for some colonial officials so that the provincial assemblies could not coerce them by withholding wages. |
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Navigation Act
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1650-1696
1. Only British ships could transport imported and exported goods from the colonies. 2. The only people who were allowed to trade with the colonies had to be British citizens. 3. Commodities such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton wool which were produced in the colonies could be exported only to British ports based on mercantilist theory. Colonists smuggled a lot until laws were strictly enforced. Important result:stifling of colonial manufacturing and increased resentment against the mother country |
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Boston Massacre
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March 5, 1770
Tensions grew high between colonists and redcoats stationed in Boston. What began as a simple argument soon grew into a group of redcoats accidentely shooting and killing 5 people. Samuel Adams and others however, immediaately exagerrated the incident and used it to fan colonial passions. |
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Samuel Adams
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1722-1803
leader of the fight against British colonial rule, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Adams was a cousin of John Adams who became the second President of the United States. Adams was a vocal opponent of several laws passed by the British Parliament. Rep. in First and Second Continental Congress |
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Loyalists
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colonists who supported the British
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Patriots
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name for colonists who rebeled
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Gaspee Incident
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In 1772, angry residents of Rhode Island boarded the British ship Gaspee and set it on fire and sank it. The British response to the Gaspee affair further inflamed American opinion. Instead of putting the accuse attackers on trial in colonial courts, the British sent a special commission to America with power to send the defendants back to England for trial.
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Tea Act
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May 10, 1773
Tea was allowed to be shipped in East India Company ships directly from India to the American colonies, thus avoiding a tax if the commodity were first sent to England as required by previous legislation. Opposition was high because many colonists lost business through this |
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Daughters of Liberty
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During the nonimportation campaign (when colonists refused to buy British goods imported from England), women in organized groups worked with great zeal to provide for the colonies cloth and other articles which had formerly come from England. Women also invented all kinds of concoctions made from local plants to take the place of tea. pledged not to drink tea or to wear British cloth
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Boston Tea Party
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dec. 16, 1773
A group of men boardered a ship and dumped all the tea in opposition to the Tea Act. The British did not take it lightly and responded with sterner actions |
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Coercive Acts
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1774
Known as the Intolerable Acts in the colonies. British response to the Boston Tea Party and other acts of defiance the acts included: Boston Port Act; Quartering Act; Administration of Justice Act; Massachusetts Government Act |
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First Continental Congress
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In 1774, Virginia issued a call for a Continental Congress. Delegates from all the 13 colonies except Georgia were present when, in Sept. 1774, the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. They made 5 major decisions. First, they rejected a plan for a colonial union under British authority. Second, they supported a statement of grievances. Third, they approved a series of resolutions, one of which was that the colonists make military preparations for defense against possible attack by the British troops in Boston. Fourth, they agreed to stopping all forms of trade with England, and they formed a “Continental Association” to enforce the agreements. And fifth, they agreed to meet again the next spring, thus showing they considered the Continental Congress a continuing organization.
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John Adams
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1735-1826
Leader in oppostition. served in the first and second continental congress. cousin of Samual Adams. Second President |
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Battle of Lexington and Concord
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1775
First shots of the war happened during this battle as the minutemen fenced off the British. It served to rally thousands of colonists in the north and south who before had little enthusiasm for it. The British and the Americans had taken a decisive step. The war had begun. |
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General Thomas Gage
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1721-1787
In May 1774 he was sent to america a a military commander and royal governor of MA. He was at this point the most powerful British official in the colonies, had authority over military, diplomatic, commerical, and Indian tribal issues. Gage strictly enforced the Coercive Acts |
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Paul Revere
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1735-1818
He helped in the Boston tea Party courier for the massachusetts committee of correspondence famous for his Midnight Ride 1775 |
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John Dickinson Letters to a farmer
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1767-1768
Though conciliatory in tone, his Letters made clear that Britain's policies were wrong and deprived the colonies of their lawful rights. Ultimately, Letters from a Farmer urge united action on the part of the colonists. |
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The Massachusetts Circular
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written by Samuel Adams in 1768 as a response to the Townshend Acts passed by the English Parliament taxing colonists on the goods they imported from England. In 1768, the legislature of massachusetts approved Adams's letter for circulation to all the other American colonial legislatures to form the basis of a united response to the English taxes
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