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48 Cards in this Set

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Robert Walpole
He lived through 6 August 1676 – 18 March 1745. The first prime minister, Robert Walpole; refrained from strict enforcement of the Navigation Acts.
Battle of Lexington and Concord
Sam Adams and John Hancock were in Lexington. They heard of minutemen stock in nearby Concord and decided to act on April 18, 1775. William Dawes and Paul Revere road from Boston to warn others of the impending British attack. At the Lexington town, common shots were fired and minutemen fell. On the march from Lexington to Boston, there were hidden farmers that harassed the British army.
Sugar Act
The Sugar Act of 1764, designed in part to eliminate the illegal sugar trade between the continental colonies and the French and Spanish West Indies, strengthened enforcement of the duty on sugar.
Continental Congress
The first Continental Congress met in September of 1774 in Philadelphia, but no delegates came from Georgia. They made 5 major decisions. The Continental Congress reaffirmed autonomous status within the empire and declared economic war.
Daughters of Liberty
During the Stamp Act crisis, a group of women formed the Daughters of Liberty. The group was an informal organization that mocked the Sons of Liberty.
Tea Act
The Tea Act of 1773, passed by Parliament, allowed the company to export tea to America without paying the navigation taxes paid by colonial merchants, sell tea for less than the colonists, and monopolize colonial tea trade. This enraged the merchants
Quartering Act
In 1765, the British government forced colonists to care for armies. The Quartering Act made sure that the colonists were taken care of with shelter and food. Communities were required to provide compensation for the troops.
Stamp Act
- Stamp Act of 1765 brought economic burdens to the Americans. They were light but colonists disturbed by precedent set. It was a direct attempt by England to raise revenue in the colonies without the consent of the colonial assemblies. - Stamp Act of 1765 brought economic burdens to the Americans. They were light but colonists disturbed by precedent set. I- The Stamp Act was resolved because of the economic pressure and the protest against the Sugar Act of 1764.
Proclamation of 1763
- Proclamation of 1763 was appealing to the British for several reasons such as, allowed London to control the westward movement of the whites and it would reserve opportunities for land speculation and fur trading for English rather than colonial entrepreneurs. Although the tribes were not enthusiastic about the Proclamation, which required them to cede still more land to white settlers, many tribal groups supported the agreement. The Proclamation of 1763 failed to meet even the modest expectations of the Native Americans.
Grenville Ministries
The new ministries that emerged as a result of these changes were inherently unstable, each lasting in office an average of only about two years. George III assumed power in 1760 on the death of his grandfather. More immediately responsible for the problems that soon emerged with the colonies, however, was George Grenville, whom the king made Prime Minister in 1763.
Privy Council
A body that advises the head of state of a nation concerning the exercise of executive authority. Privy means private. The central administrative agency for the govt as a whole.
Benjamin Franklin
One of the founding fathers of the USA, he formed the first public lending library in America and first fire department in Pennsylvania. The most celebrated amateur scientist in Ammerica, won international fame through his experiment and his invention of the nature of lightning and electricity and his invention of the lightning rod. Made best known almanac in colonies was a printers' son who ran away from an apprenticeship and eventually settled in Philadelphia. A colonial agent in London trying to prevent the passage of the Stamp Act
Albany Plan
Proposed by Ben. Frank. & delegates tentatively approved at Albany Congress in 1754. A plan by which Parliament would set up in America "one general government" for all the colonies (xcept Georgia and Novia Scotia). Each colony would "retain its present govt." but would grant to the new general govt. such powers as the authority to govern all relations w/ the Indians. The central govt. would have a "president general" appointed and paid by the king (just as colonial governors were) and a legislature (a "grand council") elected by the colonial assemblies. Inter colonial government to collect troops and taxes. Colonies did not allow this to happen
New France
designated those regions of the Americas claimed in the name of French kings or occupied by their subjects. Early in the eighteenth century, New France reached its greatest extent. While French power in this area tended to grow, it remained limited until the British conquest of 1759–1760 (confirmed, for the territory east of the Mississippi, in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris).
French and Indian War
North American colonial wars from 1689-1763 between Great Britain and France in the late 17th and the 18th cent. They were campaigns in the worldwide struggle for empire and were roughly linked to wars of the European coalitions. Both sides aimed to claim complete domination of the Americas.
Gaspee Incident
Rebellion leads up to revolution gaspee is a revenue ship. Group of people board gaspee and burn the ship down. People put on trial. Quartering Act- quarters are living space; force of soldiers into colonists living space. Either a patriot or loyalist.
Coercive Acts
(Intolerable Acts) Passed in 1774 by the British Parliament. Its objective was to provide a civil govt for the French-speaking Roman Catholic inhabittants of Canada and the Illinois country. Closed Port of Boston, reduced power of Massachusett's governor, allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England, Quartering Act expanses to private homes.
Boston Massacre
March 5, 1770 a crowd of dockworkers and others began pelting the sentries at the custom house with rocks and snowballs. Captain Thomas Preston lined up soldiers and they accidentally killed 5 people which led to panic and confusion and transformed into the Boston Massacre.
Samuel Adams
Was the leading figure in public outrage over the Boston Massacre. A distant cousin of John Adams born in 1722 older than the other leaders of the colonial protest. He spoke frequently at Boston town meetings his message attracted increasing support. He proposed the creation of a "committee of correspondence" to publicize grievances against England.
Townshend Acts
A series of acts passed beginning in 1767 by the Parliament of Great Britain relating to the British colonies in North America. The acts are named for Charles Townshend.It was tax on tea, glass, paper & made attempts for a stronger enforcement of commercial regulations and to stop smuggling through a new board of customs commissioners. Purpose was to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would be independent of colonial control, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, to punish the province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act, and to establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies
Mutiny Act
An act passed yearly by Parliament for governing the British Army. It was originally passed in 1689 in response to the mutiny of a large portion of the army which stayed loyal to the Stuarts upon William III taking the crown of England.
Currency Act
Required the colonial assemblies to stop issuing paper money and to retire on schedule all the paper money already in circulation.
Navigation Act
A series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (after 1707 Great Britain) and its colonies, which started in 1651. Their goal was to force colonial development into lines favorable to England, and stop colonial trade with the Netherlands and France.
Virginia Resolves
The Virginia Resolve of May 15 1776 was passed by the Fifth Virginia Convention at Williamsburg. Declared Americans to possess the same rights as English, especially the right to be taxed only by their own representatives.
Louis Joliet
A French Canadian explorer known for his discoveries in North America. Born in 1645 in a French settlement near Quebec City. Jolliet and Jesuit Father Jacques Marquette, a Catholic priest and missionary, were the first Europeans to explore and map the much of the Mississippi River in 1673.
Father Jacques Marquette
A French Jesuit missionary who founded Michigan's first European settlement, Sault Ste. Marie, and later founded St. Ignace, Michigan. In 1673 Father Marquette and Louis Jolliet were the first Europeans to see and map the northern portion of the Mississippi River.
Rene Robert Caveleir
A French explorer (1643-1687) who explored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico. He claimed the entire Mississippi River basin for France.
Patriots
Patriots were the colonists who wanted to separate from England to form an independent nation. They were against the King.
Loyalists
Loyalists were those colonists who wanted to remain loyal to Britian and the King. A primary concern was that cutting ties to the "mother country" could result in a disintegration of decent society. They feared that they would not make it without Britain's protection.
Siege of Quebec
In 1759, at the end of a siege of Quebec supposedly impregnable atop its towering cliff, the army of General James Wolfe struggled up a hidden ravine under cover of darkness, surprised the large forces of the Marquis de Montcalm and defeated them in battle. (both commanders died)
William Penn
The English secretary of state (and future prime minister) began to transform the war effort in America by bringing it fot the first time fully under the British control. He began planning military strategy for the North American conflict.
John Adams
An American politician and political philosopher and the second President of the United States (1797–1801), after being the first Vice President of the United States (1789–1797) for two terms. He was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States. He lived from 1735-1826.
Paul Revere
An American silversmith and a patriot in the American Revolution. His role as a messenger in the battles of Lexington and Concord, and Revere's name and his "midnight ride" are well-known in the United States as a patriotic symbol. In his lifetime, Revere was a prosperous and prominent Boston silversmith, who helped organize an intelligence and alarm system to keep watch on the British military.
Tory's
Term to describe those who remained loyal to the British Crown and government, or Loyalists. Since early in the eighteenth century, Tory had described those upholding the right of the Kings over parliament. During the revolution, particularly after the Declaration of Independence in 1776 this use was extended to cover anyone who remained loyal to the British Crown and government.
John Dickinson Letters to a farmer
A series of essays written by the Pennsylvania lawyer and legislator John Dickinson (1732–1808) and published under the name "A Farmer" from 1767 to 1768. The twelve letters were widely read and reprinted throughout the thirteen colonies, and were important in uniting the colonists against the Townshend Acts. The success of his letters earned Dickinson considerable fame.
General Thomas Gage
Commanded the British garrison and knew of the military preparations in the countryside. Resisted the advice of less cautious officers. In April 18, 1775 he sent a detachment of about 1,000 soldiers on the road to Lexington and Concord, he intended to surprise the colonials and seize the illegal supplies without bloodshed.
Peace of Paris 1763
The British achieved most of Pitt's aims in the Peace of Paris, signed in 1763 under terms the French ceded to Great Britain some of their West Indian islands and most of their colonial in India.
Massachusetts Circular
Samuel Adams, James Otis- urged Parliament to repeal Townshend Acts- No Taxation w/o Representation. A statement written by Samuel Adams and passed by the Massachusetts House of Representatives in February 1768 in response to the Townshend Acts. Reactions to the letter brought tensions between the British Parliament and Massachusetts to a boiling point, and resulted in the military occupation of Boston by the British Army, which contributed to the coming of the American Revolution.
Fort Necessity
A crude stockade built by Washington. The French assaulted the Fort Necessity trapping Washington and his soldiers inside. The clash marked the beginning of the French and Indian War.
The Iroquois Federation
The 5 Indian nations (Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida) that had formed a defensive alliance in the 15th century, most powerful tribal presence in the Northeast since the 1640s. The Iroquois forged an imp. commercial relationship with the English and Dutch along the eastern seaboard as result they managed to maintain an uneasy balance of power in the Great Lakes region.
Paxton Boys
A band of people from western Pennsylvania known as the Paxton boys descended on Philadelphia with demands for relief from colonial (not British) taxes and for money to help them defend themselves against Indians; the colonial govternment averted bloodshed only by making concessions to them.
Regulatory Movement
he Regulators were the farmers of the Carolina upcountry who organized in opposition to the high taxes that local sheriffs collected. It was a North Carolina uprising, lasting from approximately 1764 to 1771, where citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials.
King Williams War
A war from 1689-1697 that produced a few, indecisive clashes between the English and French in northern New England.
Missionary Zeal
A missionary is a Christian who has been sent to a foreign country to teach people about Christianity. Many Christians had began to spread more Christianity.
Sons of Liberty
A political group made up of American Patriots that originated in the pre-independence North American British colonies. The group was designed to incite change in the British government's treatment of the Colonies in the years following the end of the French and Indian War. The Sons of Liberty threatened tax officials & they attacked the lieutenant governor, Thomas Hutchinson.
Louis XIV
1638–1715, king of France (1643–1715), son and successor of King Louis XIII. Had the longest reign in European history.
Boston Tea Party
Incident in 1773 in which 342 chests of tea belonging to the British East India Company were thrown from ships into Boston Harbor by American patriots dressed as Mohawk Indians. The Americans were protesting both a tax on tea and the perceived monopoly of the East India Company.
Paltry Wages
worthless or petty wages