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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the percentage and and average growth of an infant by the end of the first year?
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50% greater than at birth and 32 inches
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What is the percentage and and average growth of an infant by the end of the second year?
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75% greater than at birth and 36 inches
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By what age does an infants weight double?
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5 months
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By what age does an infants weight tripled?
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1 year
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Cephalocaudal Trend is described as what?
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head to tail - during the prenatal period the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body
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What does the proximodistal trend refer to?
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Near to Far - from the center of the body outward.
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Neurons that are seldom stimulated soon lose their synapses, in a process called______ which returns neurons not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state so they can support future development
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Synaptic Pruning
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How many Neurons or "nerve cells" does the brain have?
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100 to 200 billion
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What do neurons do?
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Store and transmit information
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What are the tiny gaps where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch?
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Synapses
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What are neurotransmitters?
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Chemical release from neurons used to send messages to one another. They cross the synapse.
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Once you reach a certain age, what happens to neurons in your brain?
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Program Cell Death
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What causes the dramatic increase in brain size during the first 2 years?
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Glial cells
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Glial Cells make up how much of the brains volume?
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1/2 of the brains volume
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What is myelination?
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the coating of neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath that improves the efficiency of message transfer
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What is considered the "CEO" of our brain?
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Cerebral Cortex
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What is the Cerebral Cortex responsible for?
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the unique intelligence of our species
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How much weight does the Cerebral Cortex account for?
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85%
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How many hemispheres does the Cerebral Cortex have?
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2 - Left and Right
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What is the left hemisphere responsible for in the Cerebral Cortex?
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verbal abilities and positive emotion
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What is the right hemisphere responsible for in the Cerebral Cortex?
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spatial abilities and negative emotion
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Specialization of the the two hemispheres in the Cerebral Cortex is called what?
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lateralization - helps human to cope better
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What is brain plasticity?
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highly plastic cortex many areas are not yet committed to specific functions. If one part of the brain if damaged, other parts can take over
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What does experience-expectant brain growth refer to?
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Young brain's rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences/opportunites to see and touch objects, to hear language and other sounds, and to move about and explore the environment
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What does experience-dependent brain growth refer to?
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this occurs throughout our lives. It consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences
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What is Marasmus?
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is a waste condition of the body caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients
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What is nonorganic failure to thrive?
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a growth disorder that results from lack of parental love and is usually present by 18 mos of age
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What is classical conditioning?
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a form a learning a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response
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Before learning takes place what happens in classical conditioning?
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unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
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An unconditional stimulus consistently produces what?
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unconditioned response (UCR)
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If learning has occurred from UCS, what is produced?
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Conditioned stimulus (CS)
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What response is elected from a conditioned stimulus
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Conditioned response (CR)
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What is operant conditioning?
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infants act or "operate" on the environment, and stimuli that follow their behavioral change.
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What is a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response?
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Reinforcer
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What is punishment in operant conditioning?
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a presentation of an unpleasant one to decrease the occurrence of the response
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This refers to the gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation
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Habitation
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What is a new stimulus/change in the environment/causes responsiveness to return to a high level, and increase called what?
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Recovery
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Imitation is:
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copying the behavior of another person
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The System of Action is:
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Dynamic systems theory of motor development.
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What motor skill may play the greatest role in infant cognitive development?
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Reaching
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Why is reaching play the greatest role in infant cognitive development?
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because it opens up a whole new way of exploring the world.
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What is the most developed motor skill of an infant?
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hearing
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What is the least developed motor skill of an infant?
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vision
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What is Visual Acuity?
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Fineness and discrimination
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Visual Acuity peaks at what age?
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6 mos. It continues to grow throughout the first year.
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Infant lack what in vision?
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depth perception.
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What is the first depth cue in which infants are sensitive?
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Motion
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Why does binocular cues arise?
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Because our two eyes have slightly different views of the visual field.
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What is a pictorial cue?
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depth cue. This is what artist use to make a painting look 3 dimensional. This the last cue an infant experiences
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What helps us to make sense of these running streams of light, sound, tactile, odor and taste information by perceiving objects and events as unified wholes?
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intermodal perception
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