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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Specific chromosomes have been associated with other disorders with behavioral symptoms. Name the chromosome(s) and pick the behavioral manifestation that best describes Alzheimer's dz.
A. Erratic behavior, psychosis, dementia B. Seizures, cognitive defects, autistic behavior C. Manic behavior, psychosis D. Depression, anxiety, dementia E. Discontronl of language and movements |
Chromosomes 1 and 14 implicated in early onset, 19 in late onset. 21 in association with Down syndrome (early onset Alz)
D. Depression, anxiety, dementia A. Erratic behavior, psychosis, dementia (Huntington disease) B. Seizures, cognitive defects, autistic behavior (Tuberous Sclerosis) C. Manic behavior, psychosis (acute intermittent porphyria) E. Discontronl of language and movements (Tourette syndrome) |
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Specific chromosomes have been associated with other disorders with behavioral symptoms. Name the chromosome(s) and pick the behavioral manifestation that best describes William syndrome
A. Depression, anxiety, dementia, early onset B. Seizures, cognitive defects, autistic behavior C. Psychomotor retardation, language delay, ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, seizures D. Autistic behavior, hand-wringing, breathing abnormalities E. Hypersociality, mental retardation, behavioral problems, hypotonia |
Chromosome 7
E. Hypersociality, mental retardation, behavioral problems, hypotonia A. Depression, anxiety, dementia, early onset (Alzheimers dz) B. Seizures, cognitive defects, autistic behavior (Tuberous sclerosis) C. Psychomotor retardation, language delay, ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, seizures (DiGeorge syndrome/ velocardiofacial syndrome) D. Autistic behavior, hand-wringing, breathing abnormalities (Rett Syndrome) |
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Specific chromosomes have been associated with other disorders with behavioral symptoms. Name the chromosome(s) and pick the behavioral manifestation that best describes Tuberous sclerosis
A. Autistic behavior, mental retardation, microcephaly B. Seizures, cognitive defects, autistic behavior C. Depression, personality changes, thought disorders (Wilson dz) D. Hearing impairment (Neurofibromatosis-1) E. Autistic behavior, hand -wringing, breathing abnormalities (Rett syndrome) |
Chromosomes 9 and 16.
B. Seizures, cognitive defects, autistic behavior A. Autistic behavior, mental retardation, microcephaly (Cohen syndrome) C. Depression, personality changes, thought disorders (Wilson dz) D. Hearing impairment (Neurofibromatosis-1) E. Autistic behavior, hand -wringing, breathing abnormalities (Rett syndrome) |
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Specific chromosomes have been associated with other disorders with behavioral symptoms. Name the chromosome(s) and pick the behavioral manifestation that best describes Acute intermittent porphyria.
A. Depression, personality changes, thought disorders B. Cognitive impairment C. Manic behavior, psychosis D. Seizures, cognitive defects, autistic behavior E. Anosmia, lack of sex drive, depression, anxiety, fatigue, insomnia |
Chromosome 11
C. Manic behavior, psychosis A. Depression, personality changes, thought disorders (Wilson dz) B. Cognitive impairment (Neurofibromatosis-1) C. Manic behavior, psychosis D. Seizures, cognitive defects, autistic behavior (Tuberous sclerosis) E. Anosmia, lack of sex drive, depression, anxiety, fatigue, insomnia (Kallmann syndrome) |
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Specific chromosomes have been associated with other disorders with behavioral symptoms. Name the chromosome(s) and pick the behavioral manifestation that best describes Wilson dz
A. Depression, personality changes, thought disorders B. Cognitive impairment C. Manic behavior, psychosis D. Seizures, cognitive defects, autistic behavior E. Hearing impairment |
Chromosome 13
A. Depression, personality changes, thought disorders B. Cognitive impairment (Neurofibromatosis-1) C. Manic behavior, psychosis (Acute intermittent porphyria) D. Seizures, cognitive defects, autistic behavior (Tuberous sclerosis) E. Hearing impairment (Neurofibromatosis) |
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Specific chromosomes have been associated with other disorders with behavioral symptoms. Name the chromosome(s) and pick the behavioral manifestation that best describes Phenylketonuria.
A. ADHD B. Depression, anxiety, dementia, early onset C. Seizures, cognitive defects, autistic behavior D. Psychomotor retardation, language delay, ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, seizures |
Chromosome 12
A. ADHD B. Depression, anxiety, dementia, early onset (Alzheimers dz) C. Seizures, cognitive defects, autistic behavior (Tuberous sclerosis) D. Psychomotor retardation, language delay, ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, seizures (DiGeorge syndrome/ velocardiofacial syndrome) |
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Specific chromosomes have been associated with other disorders with behavioral symptoms. Name the chromosome(s) and pick the behavioral manifestation that best describes Tourette syndrome.
A. Erratic behavior, psychosis, dementia B. Discontronl of language and movements C. Seizures, cognitive defects, autistic behavior D. Manic behavior, psychosis |
Chromosome 18
B. Discontronl of language and movements A. Erratic behavior, psychosis, dementia (Huntington disease) C. Seizures, cognitive defects, autistic behavior (Tuberous Sclerosis) D. Manic behavior, psychosis (acute intermittent porphyria) |
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Specific chromosomes have been associated with other disorders with behavioral symptoms. Name the chromosome(s) and pick the behavioral manifestation that best describes Kallmann syndrome.
A. Autistic behavior, mental retardation B. Anosmia, lack of sex drive, depression, anxiety, fatigue, insomnia C. Self-mutilation and other bizarre behavior, mental retardation D. Autistic behavior, hand-wringing, breathing abnormalities |
X Chromosome
B. Anosmia, lack of sex drive, depression, anxiety, fatigue, insomnia A. Autistic behavior, mental retardation (Fragile X syndrome) C. Self-mutilation and other bizarre behavior, mental retardation (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome) D. Autistic behavior, hand-wringing, breathing abnormalities (Rett syndrome) |
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Specific chromosomes have been associated with other disorders with behavioral symptoms. Name the chromosome(s) and pick the behavioral manifestation that best describes Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
A. Autistic behavior, mental retardation B. Anosmia, lack of sex drive, depression, anxiety, fatigue, insomnia C. Self-mutilation and other bizarre behavior, mental retardation D. Autistic behavior, hand-wringing, breathing abnormalities |
X Chromsome
C. Self-mutilation and other bizarre behavior, mental retardation A. Autistic behavior, mental retardation (Fragile X Syndrome) B. Anosmia, lack of sex drive, depression, anxiety, fatigue, insomnia (Kallman syndrome) D. Autistic behavior, hand-wringing, breathing abnormalities (Rett syndrome) |
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The cerebral hemispheres are connected by what 4 things? (hint: three of which are commissures)
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The cerebral hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum, anterior commissure, hippocampal commissure, and habenular commisure.
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The functions fo the hemispheres are lateralized. The RIGHT, or [ dominant / non-dominant ] hemisphere is associated primarily with [ language function / perception ] as well as with spatial relations, body image, muscial and artistic ability. The LEFT, or [ dominant / non-dominant ] hemisphere is associated with [ language function / perception ] in almost all right-handed people and most left-handed people.
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RIGHT = nondominant, perception
LEFT = dominant, language function |
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Sex differences occur in cerebral lateralization. Women may have larger ______ and ____ and appear to have better interhemisphereic communication than men whereas men might have better developed right hemispheres and appear to be better at _________ than women.
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Women have larger corpus calloisums and anterior commissures; men are better at spatial tasks than women.
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Where is the described location of the lesion if the following effects are observed?
- Mood changes (depression with dominant sphere lesions, elevation with nondominant lesions) - Difficulty with motivation, concenetration, attention, orientation, and problem solving (dorsolateral convexity lesions) - Difficulty with judgment, inhibitions, emotions, personality changes (orbitofrontal cortex lesions) - Inability to speak fluently (ex. Broa aphasia, dominant lesion) |
Frontal lobe
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A lesion in which part of the frontal lobe would yield mood change of depression?
A. dominant lesion B. nondominant lesion C. dorsolateral convexity lesionos D. orbitofrontal cortex lesions E. Broca aphasia |
A. dominant lesion
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A lesion in which part of the frontal lobe would yield mood change of elevation?
A. dominant lesion B. nondominant lesion C. dorsolateral convexity lesionos D. orbitofrontal cortex lesions E. Broca aphasia |
B. nondominant lesion
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A lesion in which part of the frontal lobe would yield difficulty with motivation, concentration, attention, orientation, and problem solving?
A. dominant lesion B. nondominant lesion C. dorsolateral convexity lesionos D. orbitofrontal cortex lesions E. Broca aphasia |
C. dorsolateral convexity lesionos
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A lesion in which part of the frontal lobe would yield difficulties with judgment, inhibitions, emotions, personality changes?
A. dominant lesion B. nondominant lesion C. dorsolateral convexity lesionos D. orbitofrontal cortex lesions E. Broca aphasia |
D. orbitofrontal cortex lesions
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A lesion in which part of the frontal lobe would yield inability to speak fluently?
A. dominant lesion B. nondominant lesion C. dorsolateral convexity lesionos D. orbitofrontal cortex lesions E. Broca aphasia in dominant lesion |
E. Broca aphasia in dominant lesion
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Where is the described location of the lesion if the following effects are observed?
- Impaired memory - Psychomotor seizures - Changes in aggressive behavior - Inability to understand language |
Temporal lobes
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Where is the described location of the lesion if the following effects are observed?
Poor new learning. |
Limbic lobes
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Where is the described location of the lesion if the following effects are observed?
- implicated specifically in Alzheimer disease. |
Hippocampus
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Where is the described location of the lesion if the following effects are observed?
- Kluver-Bucy syndrome (decreased aggression, increased sexual behavior, hyperorarlity) - decreased conditioned fear response - problems recognizing the meaningfulness of facial and vocal expressions of anger in others |
Amygdala
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What is Kluver-Buzy syndrome and what location is the lesion?
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome includes decreased aggression, increased sexual behavior, hyperorality. It can happen with a lesion of the amygdala.
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Where is the described location of the lesion if the following effects are observed?
- Impaired processing of visual-spatial information (cannot copy a simple line drawing or a clock face correctly w/ right sided lesions) - Impaired processing ov erbal information (cannot tell L from R, do simple math, name fingers, or write (Gertsmann syndrome, dominant lesion) |
Parietal lobes
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Where is the described location of the lesion if the following effects are observed?
- Visual hallucinations and illusions - Inability to identify camoflaged objects - Blindness |
Occipital lobe
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Where is the described location of the lesion if the following effects are observed?
- Hunger leading to obesity (ventromedial nucleus damage); loss of appetite leading to weight loss (lateral nucleus damage) - effects on sexual activity and body temperature regulation |
Hypothalamus
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What part of the hypothalamus is lesioned and yields hunger leading to obesity?
A. ventromedial nucleus damage B. lateral nucleus damage |
A. ventromedial nucleus damage
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What part of the hypothalamus is lesioned and yields loss of appetite leading to weight loss?
A. ventromedial nucleus damage B. lateral nucleus damage |
B. lateral nucleus damage
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Where is the described location of the lesion if the following effects are observed?
- changes in sleep wake mechanisms - loss of consciousness |
Reticular system
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Where is the described location of the lesion if the following effects are observed?
- disorders of movement (ex. Parkinson disease - substantia nigra) - Huntington dz (caudate and putamen) - Tourette syndrome (caudate) |
Basal ganglia
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Where is the location of the lesion if the lesion yields effects on sexual activity and body temperature regulation?
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hypothalamus
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What are the three major classes of neurotransmitters and name the subgroups in each.
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1. Biogenic amines aka monoamines: catecholamines (dopamine, NE), indolamines (serotonin), ethylamines (histamine), quaternary amines (ACh)
2. Amino acids (glutamate, GABA, glycine) 3. Neuropeptides (endogenous opioids like enkephalins, endorphins, dnorphins, endomorphins) |
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Match the neuropeptides to the conditions.
1. Schizophrenia 2. Mood disorders 3. Huntington disease 4. Alzheimer disease A. somatostatin B. somatostatin, substance P, vasopressin, oxytocin, corticotropin releasing factor C. CCK, neurotensin D. somatostatin and substance P E. substance P |
1. Schizophrenia: C. CCK, neurotensin
2. Mood disorders : B. somatostatin, substance P, vasopressin, oxytocin, corticotropin releasing factor 3. Huntington disease: D. somatostatin and substance P 4. Alzheimer disease: A. somatostatin E. Substance P is physical and mental pain and aggression |
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Match the neuropeptides to the conditions.
1. Anxiety disorders 2. Physical and mental pain and aggression 3. Obesity A. neuropeptide Y B. substance P and CCK C. Substance P D. Somatostatin |
1. Anxiety disorders: B. substance P and CCK
2. Physical and mental pain and aggression: C. Substance P 3. Obesity: A. neuropeptide Y |
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After release by the presynaptic neuron, neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft by mechanisms including.... (2)
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- reuptake by the presynaptic neuron
- degradation by enzymes such as monoamine oxidase (MAO) |
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Availability of specific neurotransmitters is associated with common psychiatric conditions. For example, in depression, what is the neurotransmitter activity increased and/or decreased?
A. decrease in NE, serotonin and dopamine B. increase in dopamine, decrease in GABA C. increase in dopamine, serotonin and glutamate D. decrease in GABA and serotonin, and increase in NE E. decrease in ACh and increase in glutamate |
Depression's profile: A. decrease in NE, serotonin and dopamine
other: B. increase in dopamine, decrease in GABA (mania) C. increase in dopamine, serotonin and glutamate (schizophrenia) D. decrease in GABA and serotonin, and increase in NE ( anxiety) E. decrease in ACh and increase in glutamate (alzheimer dz) |
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Availability of specific neurotransmitters is associated with common psychiatric conditions. For example, in mania, what is the neurotransmitter activity increased and/or decreased?
A. decrease in NE, serotonin and dopamine B. increase in dopamine, decrease in GABA C. increase in dopamine, serotonin and glutamate D. decrease in GABA and serotonin, and increase in NE E. decrease in ACh and increase in glutamate |
B. increase in dopamine, decrease in GABA
other: A. decrease in NE, serotonin and dopamine (Depression) C. increase in dopamine, serotonin and glutamate (schizophrenia) D. decrease in GABA and serotonin, and increase in NE ( anxiety) E. decrease in ACh and increase in glutamate (alzheimer dz) |
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Availability of specific neurotransmitters is associated with common psychiatric conditions. For example, in schizophrenia, what is the neurotransmitter activity increased and/or decreased?
A. decrease in NE, serotonin and dopamine B. increase in dopamine, decrease in GABA C. increase in dopamine, serotonin and glutamate D. decrease in GABA and serotonin, and increase in NE E. decrease in ACh and increase in glutamate |
C. increase in dopamine, serotonin and glutamate
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Availability of specific neurotransmitters is associated with common psychiatric conditions. For example, in anxiety, what is the neurotransmitter activity increased and/or decreased?
A. decrease in NE, serotonin and dopamine B. increase in dopamine, decrease in GABA C. increase in dopamine, serotonin and glutamate D. decrease in GABA and serotonin, and increase in NE E. decrease in ACh and increase in glutamate |
D. decrease in GABA and serotonin, and increase in NE
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Availability of specific neurotransmitters is associated with common psychiatric conditions. For example, in alzheimers, what is the neurotransmitter activity increased and/or decreased?
A. decrease in NE, serotonin and dopamine B. increase in dopamine, decrease in GABA C. increase in dopamine, serotonin and glutamate D. decrease in GABA and serotonin, and increase in NE E. decrease in ACh and increase in glutamate |
E. decrease in ACh and increase in glutamate
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What amino acid is each made from?
A. dopamine B. serotonin C. 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT |
A. tyrosine is converted to the precursor for dopamine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase
B. tryptophan! tryptophan hydroxylase and an amino acid decarboxylase is converted to serotonin (aka 5-hydroxytrptamine, or 5-HT) C. same as B b/c 5-HT is another name for serotonin :P |
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True or False :
5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT, is derived from tyrosine. |
FALSE!
5-HT is another name for serotonin. Serotonin is derived from amino acid tryptophan. It is dopamine that is derived from tyrosine. |
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There are 5 dopamine receptor subtypes that have been identified (D1-D5). Which of those receptors has been the major site of action for traditional antipsychotic agents? Which of those have been the major site of action for the newer "atypical" antipsychotic agents? (Specific agents will be talked abotu in Chapter 16.)
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traditional antipsychotic agents = D2
atypical antipsychotic agents = D1, D4 and D2 |
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Regarding dopaminergic tracts, the ___________ is involved in the regulation of muscle tone and movement and degenerates in Parkinson disease. Treatment with antipsychotic drugs which block postysynaptic dopamine receptors receiving input from this can also result in Parkinson-like symptoms.
A. mesolimbic-mesocortical tract B. nigrostriatal tract C. tuberoinfundibular tract |
B. nigrostriatal tract
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Regarding dopaminergic tracts, dopamine acts on the ______________ to inhibit the secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary. Blockade of dopamine receptors by antipsychotic drugs prevents the inhibition of prolactin release and results in elevated prolactin levels. The elevation in turn results in symptoms such as breast enlargement, galactorrhea, and sexual dysfunction.
A. mesolimbic-mesocortical tract B. nigrostriatal tract C. tuberoinfundibular tract |
C. tuberoinfundibular tract
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Regarding dopaminergic tracts, the __________ is associated with psychotic disorders. This tract might have a role in the expression of emotions since it projects into the limbic system and prefrontal cortex. Hyperactivity of this tract is associated with positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Hypoactivity of the mesocortical tract is associated with the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
A. mesolimbic-mesocortical tract B. nigrostriatal tract C. tuberoinfundibular tract |
A. mesolimbic-mesocortical tract
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True or False:
The locus ceruleus is where most noradrenergic neurons are located. |
TRUE
noradrenergic neurons synthesize dopamine, and thus also norepinephrine since NE is made from dopamine itself too |
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Very high levels of _______ is associated with psychotic symptoms.
A. dopamine B. norepinephrine C. serotonin D. histamine |
C. serotonin
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___________ receptor blockade with drugs such as antipsychotics and tricyclic antidepressants is associated with common side effects of these drugs such as sedation and increased appetite, leading to weight gain.
A. dopamine B. norepinephrine C. serotonin D. histamine |
D. histamine
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Differentiate heterocyclic antidepressants (HCAs) from SSRIs.
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HCAs block reuptake of both serotonin and NE; SSRIs block reuptake of serotonin by presynaptic neuron (ex. fluoxetine, aka Prozac)
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Blocking the action of _____ with drugs such as donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine may delay the progression of Alzheimer disease but cannot reverse function already lost.
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AChE (acetylcholinesterase)
donepezil = Aricept rivastigmine = Exelon galantamine = Reminyl |
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Blockade of muscarinic ACh receptors with drugs such as antipsychotics and tricylcic antidepressants results in the classic "anticholinergic" adverse effects seen with use of these drugs, including.....
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anticholinergics = dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary hesitancy and constipation.
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____________ is an excitatory neurotransmitter that may be toxic to neurons and thereby contribute to the pathophysiology of disorders such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer disease, and other neurodegenerative illnesses.
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Glutamate
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Name the opioids produced by hte brain itself that decrease pain and anxiety and have a role in addiction and mood. (4)
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Enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins and endomorphins
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