Ch. 4 Biology

Front 1

Define Malnutrition

Back 1

A medical condition resulting fromthe lack of essential nutrients inthe diet

Front 2

Describe Project Peanut Butter

Back 2

Nonprofit organization to endmalnutrition

 Gave children ample supply

95% of kids recovered frommalnutrition in a few weeks

Front 3

What is RUTF and what does it contain?

Back 3

Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food

Front 4

Define Nutrients

Back 4

Components in food that the body needsto grow, develop, and repair itself

Front 5

What does nutrients provide us with?

Back 5

Provide chemical building blocks (H20, ions,organic molecules)

Provide energy needed for essential life activities

Front 6

What are the two types of nutrients organisms must ingest to maintain health?

Back 6

Macronutrients & Micronutrients

Front 7

Which three organic macromolecules are macronutrients?

Back 7

Carbohydrates, Protein, & Lipids (Fats)

Front 8

Proteins are broken down to ________________________.

Back 8

amino acids

Front 9

Carbohydrates are broken down to _________________________.

Back 9

monosaccarides

Front 10

Fats are broken down to ________________________ and ___________________________.

Back 10

fatty acids and glycerol

Front 11

What are the functions of the digestive system?

Back 11

 Allows ingestion of food

 Breaks down food into subunits

 Absorbs nutrients

 Eliminates waste

Front 12

Ingestion:

Back 12

the act of taking food intothe mouth

Front 13

Digestion:

Back 13

The mechanical andchemical breakdown of food intosubunits, enabling the absorption ofnutrients

Front 14

Absorption:

Back 14

process by where theend products of digestion moveacross the walls of the digestivetract

Front 15

Metabolism:

Back 15

Reactions that break down food molecules andreactions that build new cell structures

Front 16

Enzyme:

Back 16

Proteins that speed up the rate of achemical reaction.

Front 17

Activation Energy:

Back 17

energy required for achemical reaction to proceed

Front 18

Substrate:

Back 18

Compound or molecule to which an enzymebinds

Front 19

Active Site:

Back 19

Part of the enzyme that binds to substrates

Front 20

_____________________ reactions are chemical reactions that break down complex molecules into simpler molecules.

Back 20

catabolic reactions

Front 21

_____________________ reactions are chemical reactions that combine simpler molecules to build more complex molecules.

Back 21

anabolic reactions

Front 22

Describe how enzymes play a role in catabolic reactions.

Back 22

Enzyme changes shape, stressing bond, reducing activation energy,making bond easier to break.

Front 23

Describe the flow of food from mouth to anus.

Back 23

1. Mouth

2. Esophagus

3. Stomach

4. Small intestine

5. Large intestine

6. Rectum

7. Anus

Front 24

Define Peristalsis.

Back 24

Waves of musclecontraction, relaxation thatpushes food through thedigestive tract.

Front 25

What is the stomach?

Back 25

An expandable muscular organthat stores, mechanically breaksdown, and digests proteins infood.

Front 26

What is the pH of the stomach and why is it important?

Back 26

Very acidic (HCl)

- kills harmful bacteria

Front 27

What is the small intestines?

Back 27

The organ in which thebulk of chemicaldigestion and absorptionoccurs.

Front 28

What is the importance of the duodenum?

Back 28

Receives bile from thegallbladder andpancreatic enzymes

Front 29

Define villi.

Back 29

Fingerlikeprojections of folds inthe lining of the smallintestine that areresponsible for mostnutrient and waterabsorption.

Front 30

What is the large intestine?

Back 30

The last organ of the digestivetract, in which remainingwater is absorbed and solidstool is formed.

Front 31

What is the importance of intestinal bacteria?

Back 31

Chemicallybreak down some of the fiberwhich nourishes cells of thelarge intestinal lining.

Front 32

Name the accessory organs of the digestive system.

Back 32

 Salivary Glands

 Liver

 Gallbladder

 Pancreas

Front 33

What enzyme is secreted by the salivary glands and what is its function?

Back 33

Amylase breaks downcarbohydrates intosimple sugars

Front 34

What is bile salts and what organ synthesizes it?

Back 34

Chemicals that emulsify fats so thatthey can be chemically digested by enzymes

Front 35

Define emulsify.

Back 35

To break up large fat globules intosmaller fat droplets that can be more efficientlychemically digested by enzymes

Front 36

What is the purpose of the gallbladder?

Back 36

An organ that stores bile salts and releases themas needed into the duodenum of the smallintestines

Front 37

Define lipase.

Back 37

Fat-digesting enzyme

Front 38

Define protease and give an example.

Back 38

digests protein