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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Carbohydrates |
One of the 3 macronutrients, Important source of energy for all cells preferred energy source for nerve cells CHON
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Glucose |
Most abundant carbohydrate, produced through photosynthesis |
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Simple Carbs Mono saccharides Disaccharides |
contain oneor 2 molecules (sugars) contain one molecule (glucose, fructose, and galactose) Contain 2 molecules (lactose, maltose, sucrose) |
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OLigosaccharides Polysaccharides |
Contains 3-10 monosaccharides consist of hundreds to thousands of glucose molecules |
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Amylose Amylopectin Resistant starch |
-straight chain of glucose -branched chain of glucose -glucose molecules linked by beta bonds are largely indigestible
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glycogen |
storage form of glucose for animals not found in food and therefor not a source of dietary carb stored in liver and muscle |
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fiber Total fiber |
composed of long polysaccaride chains body does not easily break the bonds that connect fiber molecules. Most fibers pass through the digestive system without being digested and absorbed so they contribute no energy to our diet -dietary+fuctiional |
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Dietary Fibers |
non-digestable parts of plants that form support of leaves stems and seeds |
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Fuctional Fibers |
non digestable forms of carbohydrates extrated form plants or manufactured in a laboratory and have known health benefits. It is added to food and is the form found in fiber supplements |
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Soluble fibers |
dissolve in water and gel forming fermentable, digested by intestinal bacteria associated with risk reduction of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes |
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insoluble fibers |
do not dissolve in water , nonviscous cannot be fermented by bacteria in the colon promote regular bowel movements |
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Salivary Amylase |
enzyme that begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth , breaks down carbohydrates to maltose -does not occur in the stomach |
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Where does carbohydrate digestion occur |
small intestine |
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Pancreatic Amylase |
-enzyme produced in the pancreas and secreted into the small intestine -digests carbs to maltose |
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all monosacchrides are converted into glucose by the ___ |
liver |
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Glucose circulating in the blood is our___ |
primary energy source |
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Hormones control blood glucose levels |
insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone |
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Insuline |
secrete by beta cells of the pancreas -stimulates glucose transporters to help take glucose from the blood across the cell membrane -stimulates the liver to take up glucose and convert it to glycogen |
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glucagon |
secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas -stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose stimulates gluconeogenesis, the prodution of glucose from amino acids |
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epinephrine and norepinephrine |
-secreted by the adrenal glands and nerve endinngs when blood glucose is low -increase glycogen breakdown in the liver releasing glucose into the blood -responsible for flight or flight reactions to danger |
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cortisol and hormone growth |
secreted by the adrenal glands to act on the liver muscle and adipose tissue -cortisolincreases gluconeogenesis and decreases muscle glucose use - grwoth hormone decreases muscle glucose uptake increases fatty acid mobilization and use |
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glycemic index |
a foods potential to raise blood glucose -high inex caue a suden surge in blood glucose , triggering increase in insulin followed by dramatic fall in blood glucose -low index-low to moderate fluctuations in blood glucose |
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glycemic load |
used to determine the effect of a food on a persons glucose response
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value of lower glycemic index |
less fluctuations in blood glucose -risk reduction for heart disease and colon cancer |
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Role of carbs |
4kcal red blood cells use only glucose for energy brain and other nervous tissues rely primarily on glucose |
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Ketosis |
alternative source of fuel for brain fat breakdown during fasting forms ketones excess ketones increase blood acidity and cause ketoacidosis |
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(AMDR) |
acceptable macronutrient distrubution range 45-65%
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adequate intake for fiber |
28g women 38 men 14 for every 1000 kcal per day it is best to get fiber from food |
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Type 1 Diabetes |
accounts for 10% of all cases body does not produe enough insulin causes hyperglycemia requires injections may be an autoimmune disease |
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type 2 diabetes |
insulin insensitivity - cells become less responsive matabolic syndrome: cluster of risk factors that increase the risk for type 2 diabetes known as adult onset diabetes |
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hypoglycemia |
low blood glucose may cause shakiness sweating anxiety weakness reactive hypoglycemia: panreas secretes too much insulin after a high carbohydrate mean fasting hypoglcemia: pacreas produces too much insulin even when someone has not eaten |
