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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Pain |
What the person feels and how the person perceives how it feels |
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Analgesic |
Pain-reducing |
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Pain Management and Pain Relief are what in nursing practice |
Essential Elements |
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In addition to assessing pain what does the nurse do? |
Monitors pain management Evaluates level of pain relief Advocates for the patient Educates the patient about treatment options |
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What is a motor, sensory, emotional response to a subjective feeling |
Pain |
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Pain may arise from what types of factors |
Thermal/heat injury mechanical injury Chemical injury Ischemic pain |
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Nociceptors |
Free endings of afferent nerve fibers- sensory neurons that are sensitive to noxious thermal, mechanical or chemical stimuli |
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Nociception |
Process by which the sensation of tissue injury is conducted from Peripheral to CNS |
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What are the 4 steps in Nociception |
Transduction Transmission Modulation Perception |
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Transduction |
When nociceptors detect pain stimuli and convert electrochemical response into an electrical impulse |
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Neurotransmitters |
Chemicals that transmit signals across synapses from one neuron to another |
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Transmission |
Electrical signal transmitted through an afferent nerve to the spinal cord and brain |
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Two types of afferent nerve fibers |
A-delta Fibers C fibers |
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A-delta fibers |
Large-diameter myelinated fibers with rapid conduction of signals = sharp, acute pain |
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C fibers |
smaller, unmyelinated fibers with slow conduction of signals = diffuse, dull, longer-lasting pain |
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Perception |
Recognition of pain occurs when the brain translates the afferent nerve signals as pain |
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Pain Threshold |
low intensity at which the brain recognizes the stimulus as pain |
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Pain Tolerance |
intensity or duration of pain that a patient is able or willing to endure |
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Modulation |
Once pain is recognized the brain can change the perception of it it by sending inhibitory input to the spinal cord to impede the transmission. |
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Endogenous Opioids |
release of natural analgesic neurotransmitters when the brainstem activates descending nerve fibers to send signal back to the spinal cord |
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Enkephalins |
Influence the perception of pain and associated emotional aspect |
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Beta-endorphins |
Act on the central and peripheral nervous systems to reduce pain |
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Dynorphins |
modulators of pain that may stimulate pain or reduce it, depending on which receptors are activated |
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3 Theories that influenced nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic pain management |
Pattern Theory Gate Control Theory Neuromatrix Theory |
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Pattern Theory |
When a signal is carried along large-diameter nerve fibers (touch fibers) that may inhibit a signal carried by thin fibers (pain fibers) |
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Gate Control Theory |
Why thought and emotions influence pain perception |
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Neuromatrix Theory |
Each person has a genetically controlled network of neurons that is unique and affected by that person's physical, psychological, cognitive and life exper |
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Acute Pain |
pain that lasts less than 6 months |
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Chronic Pain |
persists longer than 6 months |
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Nociceptive Pain |
MOST common type of pain. Stimulated in response to trauma, inflammation, tissue damage |
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Nociceptive pain orginates from what two locations? |
Visceral and Somatic Locations |
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Visceral pain |
Arise from organs of the body- appendicitis, pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease |
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Somatic Pain |
injury to skin, muscles, bones, joints- sunburn, lacerations, fractures |
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Referred Pain |
Originates in one area but hurts in another area |
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Radiating Pain |
Extends from the source to an adjacent area of the body |
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Neuropathic Pain |
nerve injury, and pain continues even after painful stimuli is gone |
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Phantom Pain |
Brain continues to receive messages from the area of an amputation |
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Psychogenic Pain |
Pain perceived by an individual but has no phys |
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SOCRATES |
S: Site O: Onset C: Character R: Radiation A: Associations T: Time source E: Exacerbating or relieving factors S: Severity |
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Pain Level |
1-3 is mild pain 4-7 is moderate pain 8-10 is severe pain |
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Elevated pulse and BP indicates |
Acute Pain |
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Decrease BP and pulse indicate |
Chronic Pain |
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Assessment to pain |
Pain History/Assessment Physiologic Response to Pain Behavioral/Psychological Response to pain |
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Factors Influencing Pain |
Age, Gender, Morphology, Disabilities, Culture, Ethnicity, Religion |
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Nonpharmacologic pain management and alternative and complementary therapies |
Used for patients with Mild Pain who do not want to use medication to control pain |
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Two Therapeutic Strategies to manage pain |
Multimodal analgesia Preemptive Analgesia |
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Multimodal Analgesia |
Use of more than one means of controlling pain |
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Preemptive Analgesia |
Administration of medications before a painful event to minimize pain |
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Non-opioid Analgesics |
Drugs that do not contain narcotics used to treat mild to moderate pain |
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Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) |
Nonnar |
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Opioid Analgesics |
Effective agents for relief of moderate to severe pain. Narcotic drugs bind to opioid receptors |
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Types of Opioid Analgesics |
Agonist Analgesics Agonist-antagonist Analgesics |
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Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) |
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