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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Barrier Defense: Definition
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Operates constantly to prevent establishment of infection
some fall into more than one category |
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Barrier Defense: What are some examples of it falling into more than one category?
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Mucus and membranes
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Barrier Defense: What are the three types?
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Chemical, Physical, Mechanical
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Barrier Defense: Physical Barriers:
What are 2 examples? |
Skin cover and mucous membranes
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Barrier Defense: Physical Barriers:
What does the skin cover seem like? |
A maze
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Barrier Defense: Physical Barriers:
What does the mucous membrane cover and what does it transport? |
- epithelial cells
-microbes for later expulsion |
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Barriers
3 things |
Lysozymes
Acidic conditions Salt content |
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Barrier Defense: Chemica Barriers:
Where are lysozymes in? |
tears, mucus, saliva
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Barriers:
What do lysozmes do? |
degrade peptidoglycan.
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Barriers:
What do lysozmes work best against? |
gram +
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Barriers:
What do all three chemical barriers have in common? |
They all prevent growth in some way
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Barrier Defense: Mechanical Barriers:
What are the areas mechanical works with? |
Skin and mucus
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Barrier Defense: Mechanical Barriers:
What do the cillia function for in the respiratory tract? |
React to foreign objects
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Barriers:
Where are acidic conditions? |
saliva, sweat, urine, stomach
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Barriers:
Where is the salt content present in? |
in sweat, prevents growth
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Barrier Defense: Mechanical Barriers:
Who are the cillia paralyzed in? |
Smokers
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Barrier Defense: Mechanical Barriers:
What are some other examples of mechanical barriers other than cilia? |
fulshing urinary tract, saliva flow, dead epithelial cells slough, blinking, watery eyes.
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators:
4 Parts |
1. Complement system
2. Cytokines 3. Lactoferrin 4. Pyrogens |
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Complement System:
What kind of action indicates this? |
Cascading action
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Complement System:
What does it do to intruders? |
tags them as targets
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Complement System:
What are the 3 different mechanisms? |
1. Classical
2. Alternative 3. Lectin Binding |
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Complement System: Classical mechanism
What does it do? |
Recruits phagocytes
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Complement System: Alternative mech.
What does it do? |
lyses cells
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Complement System: Alternative mech.
What kind of cells does it target? |
gram negative
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Complement System: Alternative mech.
What is a MAC? |
+ causes death by itself
+ pore forming |
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Complement System: Lectin binding mech.
What does it do? |
helps sphygocytes bind to targets
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Complement System: Lectin binding mech.
Do opsinins cause death by themselves? |
No, do not cause death by themselves.
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Complement System: Roles
Ehance _______ in ______ immunity |
phagocytosis, innate
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Complement System: Roles
Enhance ____ response and ____ immunity |
antibody, adaptive
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Complement System: Roles
dispose of _____ |
wastes
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Cytokines:
What does it affect? |
the behavior of immune cells
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Cytokines:
Is it short or long term aid? |
short term
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Cytokines:
What are the 5 types |
1. chemokines
2. interleukins (ILs) 3. Hematopoietins 4 .Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNFs) 5. Interferons (IFNs) |
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Cytokines: Chemokines
What do they deal with? |
inflamation
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Cytokines: Chemokines
Wher do they go to? |
The location of the infection
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Cytokines: Interleukins
What do they deal with? |
growth and differences of immature leukocytes
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Cytokines: Interleukins
What can they cause? |
fever responses
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Cytokines: Hematopoietins
Where are they produced? |
Bone marrow
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Cytokines: Hematopoietins
What do they include? |
Colony Stimulation factors (CSFs)
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Cytokines: Hematopoietins
What is their functions |
directs the differentation of immature leuko and hemopo. stem cells in bone marrow into what type of leukocyte is most needed
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Cytokines: Tumor Necrosis Factors
What does it do? |
Kills tumor cells
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Cytokines: Tumor Necrosis Factors
What can it induce? |
fever/apotopsis (programed cell death)
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Cytokines: Interferons
What is their nickname? |
suicide bombers
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Cytokines: Interferons
What are they produced by? |
virus infected cells
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Cytokines: Interferons
What do they secrete to? |
Neighboring cells that are infected
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Cytokines: Interferons
Once cell is infected, what does it begin to do? |
Produce cytokines
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Cytokines: Interferons
What is it a big deal to? |
Cancer
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Cytokines: Interferons
What is their overall function? |
Trigger production of anti-viral compounds
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Barrier Defense: Chemical Mediators: Cytokines: Interferons
What do the antiviral compounds do once they are produced? |
degrade viral DNA and/or inhibit viral replication
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Barrier Defense: Fever Response
Why are temperatures raised? |
To exceed the growth temperatures of invading organisms
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Barrier Defense: Fever Responses
What does the temperture need to exceed to be above that of the growing temp for invading organisms? |
98.6 degrees F or 37 degrees C
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Barrier Defense: Fever Responses
What are these caused by? |
Endogenous pyrogens
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Barrier Defense: Fever Responses
What do exogenous pyrogens compete with? |
normal flora
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Barrier Defense: Fever Responses
As the rate of the organisms growth slows, what goes up |
the rate of production of the host defensive cells
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Barrier Defense: Fever Responses
If the temperature increases too much, what is damaged? |
Proteins
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Barrier Defense: Hypoferremia
What is it done by? |
Host
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Barrier Defense: Hypoferremia
What are the 2 organisms that need iron for growth? |
Microbes and Humans
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Barrier Defense: Hypoferremia: Lactoferrin
What is it produced by? |
Hosts
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Barrier Defense: Hypoferremia: Lactoferrin
What does it bind to and why? |
It binds to free iron so that it will be unavaliable to microbes
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Barrier Defense: Hypoferremia: Lactoferrin
What does it slow the growth of? |
Microbes
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Barrier Defense: Hypoferremia: Lactoferrin
What does it allow to catch up? |
The immune system
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Barrier Defense: Hypoferremia: Lactoferrin
What do host cells have avaliable? |
Some internal stores of iron
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Barrier Defense: Hypoferremia: Lactoferrin
'What centers have the highest iron centers? |
Hemoglobin (RBC)
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Barrier Defense: Hypoferremia: Lactoferrin
When is this released and what is it released by? |
When infection is found, and by cytoplasm/ cytokines?
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Barrier Defense: Hypoferremia: Lactoferrin
What attacks the hemoglobin> |
Hemolysins
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosis
What does it do? |
Sees something and recognizes it as a non-cell
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosis
How to attract to specific cells? |
Antibodies
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosis
What does it come by (processes)? |
antibodies, opsonins, or PRR receptors
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosis
What does a phagosome contain? |
bacterial material or a virus
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosis
What do phagocytes do? |
recognize, ingest, and kill invatders
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosis
What are some examples of phagocytes? |
nerutophils
monocytes macrophages dendritic cells |
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosis
What are the first four steps of phagocytosis? |
1. Chemotaxis
2. Attachment 3. Ingestion to produce phagosome 4. Fusion of phagosome w/ lysozome vac. to produce phagolysozome |
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosis
What are the last 3 steps of phago? |
5. Breakdown of dead materials
6. Exocytosis of debri 7. Macrophages and dendric cells can become antigen-presenting cells |
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosi: Opsonin independent
What does it produce when down to target? |
signaling effects
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosi: Opsonin independent
What does the PRR bind to? |
PAMP
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosi: Opsonin independent
Where is the PAMP? |
On the outside of bacteria
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosi: Opsonin independent
What is the PAMP specifically on? |
Pathogens
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosi: Opsonin independent
What is a receptor other than PRR that is used? |
TLR (toll like receptors)
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosi: Opsonin independent
What do Toll like receptors do? |
Produce signalling effect when binded
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosi: Opsonin independent
PAMP binding |
Digestion, Debri release
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosis: Phagolysozome
What does it contain? |
Digestive enzymes
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosis: Phagolysozome
What kind of digestive enzymes does it contain? |
lysozmes, hydrolases, phosphlipid Anhydrase, RiboNUC, deoxyrib, protease
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosis: Phagolysozome: Digestive enzymes
Are there oxy. dependent or independent enzymes here |
oxygen dependent
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosis: Phagolysozom: digestive enzymes: oxygen dependent enzymes
What do they produce? |
Reactive oxygen intermediates
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosis: Phagolysozom: digestive enzymes: oxygen dependent enzymes
What are some examples of ROIs |
Superoxide, H202, hydroxyl radical
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosis: Phagolysozom: digestive enzymes: oxygen dependent enzymes
What are they indendent of? |
Lysozome formation
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosis: Phagolysozom: digestive enzymes: oxygen dependent enzymes
How do they increase ATP generation |
Pentose Phosphate shunt and the NADH
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Barrier Defense: Phagocytosis: Barrier Defense:Phagocytosis: digestive enzymes: oxygen dependent enzymes
What are Pentose Phosphate shunt and the NADH used for? |
Respiratory burst and as diagnistic to indicate infection
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Barrier defense: Inflamaition responses in hosts:
What is it the response of and to? |
tissues, physical damages
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Barrier Defense: Inflammation in hosts
What is released and what do they attract? |
Chemical factors, phagocytes and other cells to area of injury
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Inflammation Response in Host:
What are the hall mark stages? |
Calor
RUBOR Dolor Tumor |
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Inflammation Response in Host: Hall Mark stages
What step does calor and rubor occur in, and what do they mean? |
Step 2
calor- heat rubor- blood |
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Inflammation Response in Host: Hall Mark stages
What step does dolor and tumor occur in and what do they mean? |
Step 3
dolor- pain tumor- swelling |
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Acute Inflammatory Response
First step: Plasma leaks from ____ ____ and causes ______ |
damaged tissues, swelling
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Acute Inflammatory Response
Second step: _________ produces heat (_____) and _______ (rubor) as blood flow to the damaged is ________ |
Vasodilation, calor, redness, increased
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Acute Inflammatory Response
First step: what does it contain and what does this mean? |
Vasodilators cause blood vessels to expand in diameter
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Acute Inflammatory Response
Third step : Pain (____) caused by ______ _______ or swelling (_______) in the tissues and by effects of released ________ chemicals on _____ ______. |
Dolor, increased fluid, tumor, antimicrobial, nerve endings
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Acute Inflammatory Response
4th steP: _______ attracted to cite of ____ and initiate _____ _______. |
WBC, phagocytosis, antibody production
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Acute Inflammatory Response:
Step 4: What is diapedesis |
when it moves from blood vessels to the injury site
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Acute Inflammatory Response:
Step 4: What is first on the scene of damages? |
Granulocytes
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Acute Inflammatory Response:
Step 4: What migrates to the inflammation site? |
Monocytes and then Lymphocytes
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Acute Inflammatory Response:
Step 5: _________ factors help prevent further ______ ___ ________ and are released by _________ |
Clotting, spread of infection, thrombocytes
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Acute Inflammatory Response:
Step 6: _____ bacteria and _____ ____ _____ accumulate to form _____ at the damage site |
dead, white blood cells, pus
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Acute Inflammatory Response:
Step 6: What happens if infection cannot be eliminated? |
it may be contained in granulomas (chronic infection)
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Acute Inflammatory Response:
Step 6: What happens with neutrophils and macrophages during chronic inflamation? |
They are a dense mass that try to wall off bacteria that cannot be eliminated.
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Acute Inflammatory Response:
Step 6: What types of infections produce granulomas? |
Tuberculosis and syphilis
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Acute Inflammatory Response
What is microbacterium equal to? |
mycolic acids
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Acute Inflammatory Response
Mass of ____ become infected |
macrophages
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Acute Inflammatory Response:
Why are macrophages piled on? |
to keep microphages in check
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