Ch. 3 Vocabualry

Front 1

Active transport

Back 1

Form of transport across the fell membrane that requires input of cellular energy

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Amphipathic

Back 2

Describes a molecule that exhibits a difference in polarity between its two ends, resulting in a difference in water solubility

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Anaphase

Back 3

3rd phase of mitosis and meiosis is during which sister chromatids separate into two new nuclear regions of a dividing cell

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Anticodon

Back 4

Consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complimentary to a specific codon on an mRNA molecule

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Antolysis

Back 5

Break down of cells by their own enzymatic action

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Antophagy

Back 6

Lysosomal breakdown of cells own components

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Cell cycle

Back 7

Life cycle of a single cell, from its birth until it's division into two new daughter cells

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Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

Back 8

Membrane surrounding all animal cells, composed of lipid bilayer interspersed with various molecules

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Centriole

Back 9

Small, self replicating organelles that provides the origin for microtibule growth and moves DNA during cell division

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Centromere

Back 10

Region of attachment for two sister chromatids

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Centrosome

Back 11

Cellular structure that organizes microtibule during cell division

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Channel protein

Back 12

Membrane-spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more substances

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Checkpoint

Back 13

Progress point in the cell cycle during which certain conditions must be met in order for the cell to proceed to a subsequent phase

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Chromatin

Back 14

Substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins

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Chromosome

Back 15

Condensed version of chromatin

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Cilia

Back 16

Small appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement of materials across the cellular surface

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Cleavage furrow

Back 17

Contractile ring that forms around a cell during cytokinesis that pinches the cell into two halves

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Codon

Back 18

Consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid

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Concentration gradient

Back 19

Difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions

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Cyclin

Back 20

One of a group of proteins that functions in the progression of the cell cycle

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Cyclin-dependant Kinase (CDK)

Back 21

On of a group of enzymes associated with cycling that help them perform their functions

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Cytokinesis

Back 22

Final stage of cell division where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells

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Cytoplasm

Back 23

Internal material between the cell membrane and nucleus of the cell, mainly consisting of a water based fluid called cytosol, within which are all the other organelles and cellular solute and suspended materials

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Cytoskeleton

Back 24

Formed by rod like proteins that support the cells shape and provide among other functions, locomotive abilities

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Cytosol

Back 25

Clear semifluid median of the cytoplasm, made up mostly of water

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Diffusion

Back 26

Movement if a substance from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

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Diploid

Back 27

Condition marked by the pressure of a double compliment of genetic material (two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited by each of two parents)

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DNA polymerase

Back 28

Enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA during DNA replication

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DNA replication

Back 29

Process of duplicating a molecule of DNA

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Electrical gradient

Back 30

Difference in the electrical charge (potential) between two regions

Front 31

Endocytosis

Back 31

Import of material into the cell by formation of a membrane bound vesicle

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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Back 32

Cellular organelles that consists of interconnected membrane-bound tubules, which may or may not be associated with ribosomes (rough type or smooth type respectively)

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Exocytosis

Back 33

Export of a substance out of a cell by formation of a membrane bound vesicle

Front 34

Exon

Back 34

One of the coding regions of an mRNA molecule that remains after splicing

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Extracellular fluid (ecf)

Back 35

Fluid exterior to cells; includes the interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and fluid found in other reservoirs in the body

Front 36

Facilitated diffusion

Back 36

Diffusion of a substance with the aid of a membrane protein

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Flagellum

Back 37

Appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement

Front 38

G0 phase

Back 38

Phase of the cell cycle usually entered from g1 phase; characterized by long or permanent periods where the cell does not moved forward into the DNA synthesis phase

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G1 phase

Back 39

First phase of cell cycle after a new cell is born

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G2 phase

Back 40

Third phase of cell cycle after DNA synthesis phase

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Gene

Back 41

Functional length of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein

Front 42

Gene expression

Back 42

Active interpretation of the information coded in a gene to produce a functional gene product

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Genome

Back 43

Entire compliment of an organisms DNA; found within virtually every cell

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Glycocalyx

Back 44

Coating if sugar molecules that surrounds the cell membrane

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Glycoprotein

Back 45

Protein that has one or more carbohydrates attached

Front 46

Golgi apparatus

Back 46

Cellular organelles formed by a series of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that functions in protein modification, tagging, packaging, and transport

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Helicase

Back 47

Enzyme that functions to separate the two DNA strands of a double helix during DNA replication

Front 48

Histone

Back 48

Family of proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus to form chromatin

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Homologous

Back 49

Describes two copies of the same chromosome (not identical), one inherited from each parent

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Hydrophylloc

Back 50

A substance or structure attracted to water

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Hydriphobic

Back 51

A substance or structure repelled by water

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Hypertonic

Back 52

A solution concentration that is higher than a reference concentration

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Hypotonic

Back 53

A solution concentration that is lower than a reference concentration

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Integral protein

Back 54

Membrane- associated protein that spans the entire width of the lipid-bilayer

Front 55

Intermediate filament

Back 55

Type of cytoskeleton filament made of keratin, characterized by intermediate thickness, and playing a role in resisting cellular tension

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Interphase

Back 56

Entire life cycle of a cell, including mitosis

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Interstitial fluid

Back 57

Fluid in the small spaces between cells not contained within blood vessels

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Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Back 58

Fluid in the cytosol of cells

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Intron

Back 59

Non coding regions of pre-mRNA transcript that may be removed during splicing

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Isotonic

Back 60

Describes a solution concentration that is the same as a reference concentration

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Kinetochore

Back 61

Region of centromere where mictotubules attach to a pair of sister chromatids

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Ligand

Back 62

Molecule that binds with specificity to a specific receptor molecule

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Lysosome

Back 63

Membrane-bound cellular organelle originating from the golgi apparatus and containing digestive enzymes

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Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back 64

Nucleotide molecule that serves as an intermediate in the genetic code between DNA and protein

Front 65

Metaphase

Back 65

Second stage of mitosis and meiosis, characterized by the linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell

Front 66

Metaphase plate

Back 66

Linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell, which takes place during metaphase

Front 67

Microfilament

Back 67

The thinnest of the cytoskeleton filaments; composed of actin subunits that function in muscle contraction and cellular structural support

Front 68

Microtubule

Back 68

The thickest of the cytoskeleton filaments, composed of tubules subunits that function in cellular movement and structural support

Front 69

Mitochondrion

Back 69

One of the cellular organelles bound by a double lipid bilayer that function primarily in the production of cellular energy (ATP)

Front 70

Mitosis

Back 70

Division of genetic material, during which the cell nucleus breaks down and two new, fully functional nuclei are formed

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Mitotic phase

Back 71

Phase in the cell cycle in which the cell undergoes mitosis

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Mitotic spindle

Back 72

Network of mictotubules, originating from centrioles, that arranges and pulls apart chromosomes during mitosis

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Multipotent

Back 73

Describes the condition of being able to differentiate into different types of cells within a given cell lineage or small number of lineages, such as red blood cell or white blood cell

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Mutation

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Change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cells DNA

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Nuclear envelope

Back 75

Membrane that surrounds the nucleus; consisting of double lipid bilayer

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Nuclear pore

Back 76

One of the small, protein lined openings found scattered throughout the nuclear envelope

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Nucleolus

Back 77

Small region of the nucleus that functions in ribosome synthesis

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Nucleosome

Back 78

Unit if chromatin consisting of a DNA strand wrapped around histone proteins

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Nucleus

Back 79

Cells central organelle; contains the cells DNA

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Oligopotent

Back 80

Describes the condition of being more specialized than multipotency; the condition of being able to differentiate into one of a few possible cell types

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Organelle

Back 81

Any of several different types of membrane enclosed specialized structures in the cell that perform specific functions for the cell

Front 82

Osmosis

Back 82

Diffusion of water molecules down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane

Front 83

Passive transport

Back 83

Form of transport across a cell membrane that does not require input of cellular energy

Front 84

Peripheral protein

Back 84

Membrane associated protein that does not span the width of the lipid-bilayer, but is attached peripherally to integral proteins, membrane lipids, or other components of the membrane

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Peroxisome

Back 85

Membrane bound organelle that contains enzymes primarily responsible for detoxifying harmful substances

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Phagocytosis

Back 86

Endocytosis of large particles

Front 87

Pinocytosis

Back 87

Endocytosis of fluids

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Pluripotent

Back 88

Describes the condition of being able to differentiate into a large variety of cell types

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Polypeptide

Back 89

Chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

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Polyribosome

Back 90

Simultaneous translation of a single mRNA transcript by multiple ribosomes

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Promoter

Back 91

Region of DNA that signals transcription to begin at the site within the gene

Front 92

Prophase

Back 92

First stage of mitosis and meiosis, characterized by the breakdown of nuclear envelope and condensing of chromatin to form chromosomes

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Proteome

Back 93

Full complement of proteins produced by a cell (determined by the cells specific gene expression)

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Reactive oxygen species (ros)

Back 94

A group of extremely reactive peroxides and oxygen-containing radicals that may contribute to cellular damage

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Receptor

Back 95

Protein molecule that contains a binding site for another specific molecule (called a ligand)

Front 96

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 96

Endocytosis of ligands attached to membrane bound receptors

Front 97

Ribosomal RNA rRNA

Back 97

RNA that makes up the subunits of a ribosome

Front 98

Ribosome

Back 98

Cellular organelle that functions in protein synthesis

Front 99

RNA polymerase

Back 99

Enzyme that unwinds dna and then adds new nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA for the transcription phase of protein synthesis

Front 100

S phase

Back 100

Stage of cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs

Front 101

Selective permeability

Back 101

Feature on any barrier that allows certain substances to cross but excludes others

Front 102

Sister chromatid

Back 102

One of a pair of identical chromosomes, formed during DNA replication

Front 103

Sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ ATP-ase)

Back 103

Membrane embedded protein pump that uses ATP to move Na+ out of a cell and K+ into the cell

Front 104

Somatic cell

Back 104

All cells of the body excluding gamete cells

Front 105

Spliceosome

Back 105

Complex of enzymes that serves to splice out the introns of a pre-mRNA transcript

Front 106

Splicing

Back 106

The process of modifying a pre-mRNA transcript by removing certain, typically non coding regions

Front 107

Stem cell

Back 107

Cell that is oligo, multi, or pleuripotent that has the ability to produce additional stem cells rather than becoming further specialized

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Telophase

Back 108

Final stage in mitosis and meiosis, preceeding cytokinesis, characterized by the formation of two new daughter nuclei

Front 109

Totipotent

Back 109

Embryonic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell and organ in the body

Front 110

Transcription

Back 110

Process of producing an mRNA molecule that is complimentary to a particular gene of DNA

Front 111

Transcription factor

Back 111

One of the proteins that regulate the transcription of genes

Front 112

Transfer RNA tRNA

Back 112

Molecules of RNA that serve to bring the amino acids to a growing polypeptide strand and properly place them into the sequence

Front 113

Translation

Back 113

Process of producing a protein from the nucleotide sequence code of an mRNA transcript

Front 114

Triplet

Back 114

Consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a DNA molecule that, when transcribed into an mRNA codon, corresponds to a particular amino acid

Front 115

Unipotent

Back 115

Describes the condition of being committed to a single specialized cell type

Front 116

Vesicle

Back 116

Membrane bound structure that contains materials within or outside of the cell