Ch. 3 Sound Expression

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Alejandra Garza García A01039995

Ch. 3 Sound Expression

Glossary

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DIGITAL EXPRESSION

PRESENTATION

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Hertz

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It is a frequency unit from the International measuring system that equals the repetition of a phenomenon whose period is a second. It is abbreviated as Hz.

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Frequency

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It is the number of cycles that happen in a second.

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Echolocation

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It is the location of an object through the reflection of sound waves. Process in which the animals can identify the intensity and length of the noise, and they can then calculate the orientation and distance from the object.

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Instrasound

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It is a sound whose frequency of vibration is lower than the one that can be perceived by the human ear.

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Ultrasound

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It is the sound whose frequency of vibrations is superior to the highest limit perceived by the human ear. It has many industrial applications.

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Sound

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It is the sensation produced in the hearing organ by the vibrational movement of the bodies that is transmitted through an elastic means.

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Elasticity

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It is the characteristics that a material has to recover its extension and shape when a force that deformed it stops being put on it.

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Acoustic

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It is a branch of physics that studies the sound production, transmission, strong perception and reproduction.

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Transducer

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It is the equipment that transforms a type of energy into another one and may work as a recipient or as a generator.

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Tuning fork

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It is a voice and instrument regulator that consist of a steel sheet folded as a hook with a foot, and when it is hit, it presents 435 vibration per second.

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Compression

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It is the effort that an object is subject to by the action of two opposing forces that tend to diminish its volume.

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Rarefaction

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It is the change in direction of the sound wave due to a variation of the means of scattering.

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Cycle

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It is the complete sequence of periodic vibration. It goes from rarefaction to compression.

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Period

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It is the period of tome that happens in a cycle.

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Sound wave frequency

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Measured in Hertz is the number of cycles that go through a same point during a second.

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Wavelength

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It is the distance that the sound goes over in a complete cycle of change in pressure and it is the physical measure of a cycle’s length.

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Amplitude

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It is the distance between a balance point and the highest wave point.

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Tone

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It is the subjective perception of frequency. There are high tones and low tones. In order to measure them, we use hertz.

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Decibel (dB)

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It is a measuring unit that compares the minimum that humans can hear (odB) against the level we want to measure.

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Absorption

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It is the process in which sound is absorbed by an object when crashing against it.

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Reflection

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It is the quantity of acoustic energy that will change direction when it crashes against the edge of an object.

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Refraction

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It is the change in direction of the sound wave due to a variation of the means of scattering.

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Bitrate

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It is the transmission rate. It refers to the number of bits that is transmitted in a unit of time, usually kilobits per second.

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Codecs

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It means coder-decoder. It is software that consists on an algorithm to compress and decompress video in real time. Its use doesn’t interfere with the playing speed. There are also codecs for audio files.

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Wrappers

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Refers to the way of organizing information related to the digital audio. It is packed along with the encoded audio. Usually uses different codecs.

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WAV

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A sound format developed by Microsoft and used extensively in Microsoft Windows. Conversion tools are available to allow most other operating systems to play .wav files.

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AIFF

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Audio interchange file format, is an audio file format standard used for storing sound data for personal computers and other electronic audio devices. Developed by Apple Inc. in 1988 based on Electronic Arts' Interchange File Format and is most commonly used on Apple Macintosh computer systems.

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CDA

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Is not an audio file, because they do not contain sampled sound at all. CDA files are just a way that Windows uses to let you access an Audio CD index. This is why if you copy a .CDA file to our hard drive and try to play it with an audio player, nothing happens.

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MP3

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Is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage.

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AAC

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Is an audio coding standard for lossy digital audio compression. Designed to be the successor of the MP3 format, AAC generally achieves better sound quality than MP3 at similar bit rates.

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MIDI

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It refers to the communication protocol that lets electronic instruments, synthesizers, computers and other devices to communicate among themselves.

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Audacity

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Can record live audio through a microphone or mixer, or digitize recordings from cassette tapes, records or minidiscs. With some sound cards, and on any Windows Vista, Windows 7 or Windows 8 machine, Audacity can also capture streaming audio.

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Garage Band

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Software application for OS X and iOS that allows users to create music or podcasts.

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Monaural sound

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Non-stereo sound, this early sound system used a single channel of audio for sound output. In monophonic sound systems, the signal sent to the sound system encodes one single stream of sound and it usually uses just one speaker. Monophonic sound is the most basic format of sound output.

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Stereophonic sound

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Also called stereo sound, it is stores in two channels that can be reproduced in different loud speakers and simulate the sensation of listening on one single side.

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Surround sound

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Technique for enriching the sound reproduction quality of an audio source with additional audio channels from speakers that surround the listening, providing sound from a 360° radius in the horizontal plane as opposed to "screen channels” originating only from the listener's forward arc.

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Streaming

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It is the reproduction of audio and video files with no need to be downloaded to a device. It is played through fragments sent sequentially through a net, usually, the Internet