Ch 3: Patterns Of Evolution

Front 1

What can phylogeneis tell us?

Back 1

they are the noly way we can infer the hisotyr of evolutionary changes in " soft features" (no fossil record) - physiology, DNA, behavior

Front 2

Cladogensis

Back 2

splition of a single linears into two lineages

Front 3

Anagensis

Back 3

evoutioanry change of carous characteristic along a single linease

Front 4

Why is Class Aves not a correct classification

Back 4

birds are traditaonlly recongized as a class due to a suite of characters (flisht, endothermy, etc)

But this classification obscures the fact that brids are more closely related to crocodieles than are snakes-cros and snakes are considered repteiles, birds wer traditionally not considered reptiels

Reptilia is therefore considred paraphyletic becaue it does not inclue birds which are closes to crocodieles than sakes. Parahylic taxon is an unstaifactry lassificaton since monpyleic groups are consered the correct taxon .

Front 5

Moonophyletic taxon

Back 5

includes all sescendents of a single common ancestor
ex. Birds, betteles, lfowers

Front 6

Paraphyletic taxon

Back 6

includes some but not all of the decedents of a single anscestor

Front 7

Polyphletic taxon

Back 7

includes decedants of 2 or more ancestors both of which have descendants that are not included in the taxon

Front 8

Monophyletic gorups are called what?

Back 8

clades

Front 9

What is evidence that most features of orgnaisms have clearly been modfied form pre-esxisting features of their ancestros?

Back 9

Related oragansism have homologus characters which ahve been inherited (and sometimes modified) from an equivalent character in the common ancestor.

-these characters typically have similar gentic and developmental underpinnings
-we know that characters are homologus due to postion s and structuer of the organsim

Front 10

Homoplasy in common

Back 10

the independent evolution of characters in diffent taxa ocurs commonly- includes reversal and convergent evolution

Front 11

Convergent evolution

Back 11

superifically similar structers are formed form differnt developmental pathways in unrelated taxa

-eyes of vertebrates and cephalopod molluscs both have leands and a retina but here are profound iffernces in development that indicates that they evolved independly-a nd thus are not homologus. Axons of retinal cells arise from cell bases in molluscs and form the cell apices in vetebrates

Front 12

Covergent evolution need not always invove unrelated taxa example

Back 12

baranalces of two differnt genral posses the derived stae of six shell plates ( a modification of the ancestral conditon of 8 plates). The develpmental modificaton is differnt in each genus sugessing that it evolveved independtly.

Front 13

Parallel evolution (form of of homoplasy)

Back 13

Involves similar developmental modfications that evolved independentaly

-in closely related organisms

ex. feeding structues (maxillipeds) of crustaceans

These structuers develop on the anterior toracic segmetns (instead of head) in several diverse grops of crustaceans-thesee segmetnshad legs in the common ancestor

Front 14

What control the development of toracic feeding structres in parallell evolution?

Back 14

2 hox genes

Front 15

Evolutioanry reversults

Back 15

a return from a derived to more ancestrol state

-a form of homoplasy

-Ex: almost all frog spcies lack teet in the lower jaw, but they did descend form a common ancestor that had teeth,thus, in forngs, lack of teeth character.

In one frog Genus (Gastrotheca) some species have re-evolved teeth.

Front 16

Rates of character evolution differ means

Back 16

differnt characeters evolve at differnt rates

Front 17

Conservative

Back 17

characters that are reatained, with little change over time

Front 18

Characters that evolve rapidly?

Back 18

body size in mamamls

Front 19

Mosaic evolution

Back 19

refers to evouliton of diffent characters at diffent rates within a lineage

Front 20

We can analyze evolutionary changes not in terms of ___ organisms bu by their___

Back 20

whole

parts

Front 21

It is incorct to view one speices as more ____ than another

Back 21

advanced

Front 22

gradualsim

Back 22

small sucessive stems (which evoluiton is)

Front 23

saltation

Back 23

giant leaps

Front 24

What is a example of evolution as gradual?

Back 24

fossil records has good example sof intermidate forms (whale fossils, the lineage leading to humans).

-living species also illustrate they typically gradual nture of evolutionary change. For example the lenght and shape of the bill differs greatly among speices of sand pipers, but hte mroe extreme forms are bridged by spieces with intermdeate bidlls.

-Head of male drosophilid flises hwo a phylogenic series form narrow to wide. The analysis is based on othe rmorpholical features. Extinciton ofinetmeridate groups make it appaear as if evolution had proceded thorugh saltation. thsu the gaps we do see amon gliving species are thought to be due to exticiton.

Front 25

Change in form is often correleated with change in what?

Back 25

fuction

Front 26

Example of change in form often corelated with change in fuction?

Back 26

Wasps and bee stings-wasps and bees use a modified ovipositor as a stinger. In other members of te instect ordrer Hymenopters, ovipositors are sued to inject eggs into plants or arthroopds. Modification into a stinger results from a change in fucitn and in form.

Front 27

Common patterns of morpholocial evolution underlined by devleopment?

Back 27

1. Individualizaiton
2.Heterochrony
3.Allometry
4.Hetroptrpy
5.Changes in complexity

Front 28

Individualization

Back 28

aquisition of disctincness of body segments

Front 29

Heterochrony

Back 29

evolutionary changes in developmental timing

Front 30

Allometry

Back 30

differentail rates of growht of diffent pody parts

Front 31

Heterotopy

Back 31

change in position in an organism of the expression of some character

Front 32

Changes in complexity

Back 32

the earlies life was less compelx han many forms alive today, but many clades defied by the lsos of compleity.

Front 33

Serially homologous

Back 33

units are those that lack distinctness and are arrayed along the axis of an organism

-centeipied:no indiviualizaiton
-mantis shrimp:indiviualiation

Front 34

Paedomorphosis

Back 34

possieon (in an adult stage) of juvenile characters taht appeard in the orgnaisms ancestor.

Front 35

Paramorphosis

Back 35

delayed maturaity mary result in reproductin at a larger size

Front 36

Simplification in morpholgy

Back 36

reduction and loss of structures

Front 37

Adaptive radation

Back 37

the divergent evolution of man lineages withn a short ime frame.

Front 38

The trait of members of an adaptive radiat usualy do not show what?

Back 38

directional trands.

ex. darwin finces.