Ch 3 Biological Molecules

Front 1

Organic molecules

Back 1

Carbon bonded to hydrogen

Front 2

Inorganic molecules

Back 2

Carbon only or no carbon at all

Ex: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and all molecules without carbon

Hint 2

All or none

Front 3

Carbon

Back 3

Atomic number 6

Can form up to 4 covalent bonds through shared electrons.

Bonds can take almost an infinite variety of forms.

Front 4

Monomers

Back 4

One part

Small organic molecules

Ex: sugar

Front 5

Polymers

Back 5

Many parts

Large chains of monomers

Ex: starch

Front 6

Organic means what, basically

Back 6

Anything containing carbon and hydrogen

Front 7

Dehydration synthesis

Back 7

Subunits making up large biological molecules by removing water.

Make macromolecules by removing water.

Hydrogen bonds form between carbon and water because carbon is polar

Front 8

Hydrolysis

Back 8

Chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water

Ex: bread broken down in water

Front 9

Four categories of biological molecules

Back 9

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic acids

Front 10

Carbohydrates are composed of what molecules?

Back 10

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

1:2:1

Front 11

Fat, wax, or oil are?

Back 11

Lipids

Front 12

Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in what?

Back 12

Non polar organic solvents

Front 13

Triglycerol

Back 13

Glycerol with 3 fatty acid tails

Front 14

Fat compared to protein

Back 14

Fat has twice as many calories per unit mass.

Used in long term energy storage

Fat takes no energy to maintain, while protein takes energy to maintain.

Front 15

Fat vs. Oil

Back 15

Oil liquid at room temp and fat is solid at room temp.

Front 16

Saturated fats

Back 16

Single bonds in carbon chain.

Solid carbon molecules close together.

Saturated in hydrogen.

Front 17

Oil - unsaturated

Back 17

Double bonds in carbon chain.

Not saturated in hydrogen.

Liquid

Molecules far apart due to kinks created by double bonds

Front 18

Steroids

Back 18

4 rings of Carbon fused together with functional groups.

Ex: testosterone, estradial

Front 19

Phospholipids

Back 19

Phosphate group

Has a polar head that likes water and a fatty acid tail that hates water.

Front 20

Phospholipids do what in water?

Back 20

Bond in water

Front 21

What is the difference between the phospholipids head and tail in water?

Back 21

The fatty acid tails create a non polar barrier and use the phosphates to touch water and protect themselves.

Front 22

Phospholipid bilayer in humans

Back 22

Human cells create phosphate lipid bilayers. They break up water and surrounded by fats to create cells filled with H2O

Front 23

Proteins

Back 23

Chains of amino acids.

Polymers of aminos.

Front 24

How many amino acids?

Back 24

20

Protein is made of some combination of these 20 amino acids.

Front 25

Is protein hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Back 25

It can be either.

Front 26

How many polymers of amino acids make a protein?

Back 26

50

Front 27

What is a peptide?

Back 27

Less than 50 amino acids in a chain.

Front 28

How many levels of structure does protein have?

Back 28

4

Front 29

One thing my body makes on its own is?

Back 29

Protein

Front 30

Protein works based on its shape, like a key. So shape drives its?

Back 30

Function. When the shape changes so does the function.

Front 31

Name the 4 levels of structure in protein

Back 31

1. 1 dementional sequence of amino acids

2. 2D repeating coiled up structure (helix)

3. 3D structure. The helix in the water hides the non polar amino acid. - looks like ball of yarn

4. Polypeptides linked together - balls of yarn stuck together. Ex: hemoglobin

Front 32

Nucleic acids are long chains of what?

Back 32

Nucleotides

Front 33

Nucleic acids have how many parts in their structure?

Back 33

3

Front 34

Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide

Back 34

Phosphate group

Ribose or dextrose sugar

Nitrogen containing base

Front 35

How many unique nucleotides?

Back 35

4

Front 36

Name the unique nucleotides

Back 36

1. Adenine A

2. Guanine G

3. Cytosine C

4. Urasil U

Front 37

Functional group

Back 37

Will bond to carbon and share electrons with carbon

Front 38

The difference in RNA and DNA sugar

Back 38

DNA has deoxyribose

RNA has ribose

Front 39

What are the 3 points to cell theory?

Back 39

1. All living organisms are made of cells

2. Cells have a set size and never get bigger.

3. All cells come from pre existing cells

Front 40

What is diffusion?

Back 40

Moving molecules from high concentration to low concentration.

Front 41

Because diffusion uses no energy, how do we pay for it?

Back 41

Takes a large amount of time.

Front 42

If surface level is larger then diffusion is? Why?

Back 42

Slower.

Because it takes more time to distribute nutrients and expel waste.

Front 43

What kind of cell is in plants, animals, fungus, and protis?

Back 43

Eukaryotic cell

Front 44

What kind of cells are bacteria made of?

Back 44

Prokaryotic cells

Front 45

What are 4 things in common with prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Back 45

1. Membrane made of phospholipids (plasma membrane)

2. Fluid inside (cytosis)

3. DNA

4. Rhibosomes

Front 46

What is mytosis?

Back 46

One cell divides to make two cells.

Front 47

5 Differences in in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Back 47

1. Prokaryotes have no nucleus, so DNA is inside of the nucleoid.

2. Prokaryotes probably evolved first.

3. Prokaryotes are much smaller

4. Eukaryotes have organelles

5. Eukaryotes have larger surface area, therefore faster diffusion.

Front 48

Animal cells only have mitochondria but plant cells have mitochondria and...

Back 48

Chloroplast

Front 49

What is like the plant walls skeletol system and water storage that animal cells don't have?

Back 49

Cell walls and central vacuole

Front 50

Ribosomes make what?

Back 50

Protein

Front 51

Ribosomes are made of what?

Back 51

RNA

Front 52

What are two types of ribosomes?

Back 52

Free- found in Cytosol

Bound- attached to ER and nucleus

Front 53

What are three parts of the endomembrane system?

Back 53

1. ER

2. Vesicle

3. Golgi Apparatus

Front 54

What does the rough ER do and what makes it rough?

Back 54

Beaded with ribosomes and makes protein.

Front 55

What does the smooth ER do?

Back 55

Makes hormones, steroids, and detoxes.

Front 56

Golgi apparatus does what?

Back 56

Sorts, modifies, and sends. Like UPS

Front 57

What are two cells within a cell?

Back 57

Chloroplast and mitochondria

Front 58

Chloroplast and mitochondria have?

Back 58

Double membrane

Have own DNA

Have ribosomes

Front 59

How can you trace DNA back?

Back 59

Using mitochondrial DNA

Front 60

What is cytoskeleton?

Back 60

Support structure.

Network of fibera

Front 61

What is a cytoskeleton function?

Back 61

Maintain shape

Movement

Front 62

Difference between cilia and flagella

Back 62

Cilia is moved around by things around it (similar to hair on head)

Flagella moves as a whole (like a leg)

Front 63

What are the only cells with a cell wall?

Back 63

Plant cell

Front 64

ATP

Back 64

Form of nucleic acid and a form of RNA

Front 65

What are the 4 nitrogen based that RNA can have?

Back 65

Adenine

Guanine

Tyrosine

Thymine

Front 66

What does the central vacuole do?

Back 66

Store water

Store sugar

Store poison

Keeps plasma membrane upright

Front 67

Lysosome

Back 67

Vacuole that eats dead or worn out organelles. Has special protein that allows for digestion.

Front 68

Larger cells have a smaller surface area then..

Back 68

Smaller cells have a larger surface area.