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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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atrophy
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decrease in cell size
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hypertrophy
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increase in cell size
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hyperplasia
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increase in number of cells
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dysplasia
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change in shape, size, and/or arrangements
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metaplasia
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replacing one cell type with another
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What are the effects of atrophy?
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decrease in proteins, mitochondria, ER
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physiologic hypertrophy
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increase due to increased workload; increase in skeletal muscle size
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pathologic hypertrophy
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increase due to disease; cardiac hypertrophy due to inefficient ventricle
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What causes hyperplasia?
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injured and regenerated tissues; hormones
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What does hyperplasia usually occur with?
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hypertrophy; except in cardiac tissue
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What causes metaplasia
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damaged and regenerating tissues; signal changes (growth factors)
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What is an example of metaplasia?
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respiratory tract in smokers (replacing ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/stratified squamous epithelium)
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What causes dysplasia?
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chronic irritation or inflammation; cancer
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What is an example of dysplasia?
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cervical dysplasia (what pap smear looks for)
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hypoxia
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insufficient oxygen
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What are the 6 causes of cell injury?
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hypoxia
free radicals and ROS chemical injury or toxins intentional or unintentional injuries infections and injuries caused by microbes inflammatory and immunologic |
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Most common cause of cell injury?
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hypoxia
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What causes hypoxia?
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ischemia: reduced blood supply
reduced pulmonary function decrease in amount of oxygen in air decrease in RBC count or Hb |
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What 6 things happen to cell due to hypoxia?
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cell can't produce ATP; ion pumps fail (require ATP); ion redistribution causes H20 to swell cell; organelle structure and function is impaired; membrane integrity is compromised; pH changes due to anaerobic energy production
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What do free radicals do to the cell?
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react with and damage cell macromolecules (proteins, lipids, DNA)
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How are free radicals created?
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normal cellular processes, chemicals
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What diseases are linked to free radicals?
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atherosclerosis, cancer, inflammatory disorders
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