Ch. 29 Green Plants

Front 1

Plants are said to provide ecosystem services such as

Back 1

quality of the atm, surface water, and soil etc.

Front 2

Plants help the ecosystem in these 5 ways:

Back 2

1.Plants produce oxygen
2. plants build soil by putting organic matter back in
3. Plants hold water
4. Plants hold soil which can be lost to erosion by the wind and water
5. Plants moderate the local cimate

Front 3

Define:
1. Herbivores
2. carnivores
3. omnivores

Back 3

1. "plant eaters"
2. "meat eaters"
3. "all eaters"

Front 4

green plants are the key to what cycle

Back 4

the carbon cycle b/c they fix much more carbon dioxide than they release.

Front 5

When plants are removied, soils are susceptible to erosion by

Back 5

wind and water

Front 6

Plants are the basis for food chains (pyrimid)

Back 6

Producers (plant) --> primary consumers (herbivores) --> secondary consumers (carnivores) ---> Tertiary consumers

Front 7

What was responsibile for the org. domestication of plants?

Back 7

Artificial Selection

Front 8

These species are now being selected to preved diseases

Back 8

Tree species with special properties in their barks

Front 9

Plant characteristics can easily be changed with

Back 9

artificial selection such as with oil rich seeds vs. poor oil rich seeds

Front 10

How does COAL form?

Back 10

decayed plant material that is compacted over time

Front 11

Humans have relied on plant based fuels such as

Back 11

wood , coal, petroleum and natural gas

Front 12

Biorespecting

Back 12

compounds that can be used as drugs (quinine), fragrances , insecticides, herbicides, or fungicides

Front 13

plants use this method of plant growth to produce large amounts of defense chemicals

Back 13

hydroponically

Front 14

nonvascular plants include (3)...
and they lack

Back 14

liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
vascular tissue

Front 15

seedless vascular plants include
They do not make what?

Back 15

seeds!
lycophytes, horsetails , whisk ferns, and ferns

Front 16

seed plants are

Back 16

angiosperms and gymnosperms (trees)

Front 17

fossils of plants indicate the prescence

Back 17

of spores and sheets of wax coating called a cuticle

Front 18

the spores of fossils were covered with

Back 18

sporopollenin

Front 19

fossilized spores that are 475 million have specialized reproducing structures called

Back 19

sporangia

Front 20

The Fossil Record of Land Plants can be broken into 5 major intervals

Back 20

Origin of Land Plants--> explosion of diversity --> carboniferious--> gymnosperms abundant --> angiosperms abundant

Front 21

monophyletic or paraphyletic?
1. green algae
2. land plants

Back 21

1.paraphyletic
2. monophyletic

Front 22

Transition to land
Benefits for green plants to survive on land:

Back 22

light and carbon dioxide

Front 23

Adaptations that land plants needed to have:

Back 23

1.prevention of water loss
2. transportation of water from tissues in direct contace to tissues removed from the area

Front 24

THese two structures prevent water loss of the plant:

Back 24

1. cuticle
2. stomata

Front 25

The cuticle is

Back 25

waxy, airtight sealant that helps waterloss

Front 26

pores on plants helped this process

Back 26

gas exhchange (stomata)

Front 27

guard cells further helped plants cell stomatas becuase they have the ability

Back 27

to regulate gas exchange and control water loss

Front 28

Transporting water against gravity was solved by

Back 28

vascular tissue solved the problem of becoming rigid enough to avoid falling over in response to gravity and wind

Front 29

some of the water-conducting plants have the molecule

Back 29

lingin which is thick and strong and sturdy to resist the force of gravity

Front 30

Define Tracheids

Back 30

water-conducting cells that are dead and empty at maturity
They have secondary cell walls reinforced with lingin

Front 31

vessels

Back 31

are water conducting tissue that are unlike tracheids
vessels have gaps in their primary and secondary cell walls

Front 32

All land plants have alternation of generations

Back 32

gametophytes and sporophytes

Front 33

Define:
1. gametophyte
2. sporophyte

Back 33

1. multicellular haploid stage
2.multicellular diploid stage

Front 34

spores grow in this particular way
what are they encased in?

Back 34

grow directly into a multicelluar individual w/o fusing with another cell
they are encased in a tough, watertight coat made of sporopollenin

Front 35

The male gametophyte of seed plants is reduced to a microscopic structure called a

Back 35

pollen grain

Front 36

heterospory

Back 36

the production of two distinct types of spore producing structures and thus two disticnt types of spores

Front 37

seed plants are heterosporous

Back 37

1. microsporangia --> microspores --> male gametophyte --> sperm

2. megasporangia-->microspores--> female gametophyte --> eggs

Front 38

most other plants are homosporous

Back 38

sporangium--> spores --> bisexual gametophyte --> sperm and eggs

Front 39

Where do sperm and eggs form?

Back 39

antheridium and archegonium

Front 40

Land plant embryos have specialized transfer cells

Back 40

which make psyscial contact w/ parental cells and facilitate the transfer of nutrients

Front 41

how to seed plants protect the seeds from drying?

Back 41

sporopollenin and they package an embryo with a food supply.

Front 42

Define fruit, ovary and ovulue.

Back 42

A fruit comes from the ovary that contains ovules that turn into seeds.

Front 43

Flowering plants or angiosperms are very succesful in large part of their reproductive structures. Describe it.

Back 43

The success of a species of angiosperms depends upon the reproductive organ: the flower.
They do not produce gametangia. Gametes are produced in male and female gametophytes which come from the microsporangia and megasporangia of the flower.

Front 44

Pollination

Back 44

transfer of pollen to a plant's female reproductive organ, where eggs are produced and fertilization takes place.

Front 45

Pollination is aided when it is beneficial for an animal. How is this so?

Back 45

animals/insects favor flower color and shapes and scents that are sucessful in attracting particular types of pollinators

food for the animals such as nectar

Front 46

Name 3 examples of how flowers attract diff. pollinators.

Back 46

carrion flowers smell like rotten fish
hummingbird-pollinated flowers have long tubes
bumble-bee pollinated flowers are bright purple

Front 47

What are the 4 morphological differences between monocots and dicots?

Back 47

monocots=
cotyledon, vascular tisue scattered, parallel veins in leaves, and flower petals in multiples of 3
Dicots= two cotyledons, vascular tissue in circular arrangement in stem, branching veins in stems, and flower petals in multiples of 4 or 5

Front 48

lichens
What are other places where green algae come from?
What is pink snow?

Back 48

associations of green algae with fungi or cyanobacteria
unicellular protists harbor green algae
snowfields that have an abundant amount of green algae color snow pink or green

Front 49

Name the Phylogenies that are related to
1. Algae

Back 49

1. Ulvobionta (primary producers)
Coleochaetales ( thin sheets of cells)
Charales-Stoneworts- (form beds at the bottom of lakes)

Front 50

Name the Phylogenies that are related to
2. Bryophytes (non vascular plants)

Back 50

Liverworts (thrive in moist habitats)
Antrhocerophyta-hornworts-
Byrophyta (mosses)

Front 51

Name the Phylogenies that are related to
3. Seedless Vascular Plants

Back 51

Lycophyta (Club mosses)
Psilotophyta (whisk ferns)
Sphenophyta (Horsetails)
Pteridophyta (Ferns)

Front 52

Name the Phylogenies that are related to
4. Seed Plants

Back 52

Gnetophyta
Cycadophyta (cyads)
Ginkgophyta (Ginkgoes)
Coniferophyta (conifers)
Anthophyta (Angiosperms)