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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do green plants consist of?
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Green algae and land plants
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Why are green plants important?
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-Agriculture, forestry, and horticulture
-Productivity of plants -Ecosystem services (oxygen, build soil, nutrients, hold water, climate) -Primary producers -Carbon cycle -Plant based fuels and fibers |
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Bioprospecting?
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Effort to find naturally occuring compounds that can be used as drugs, fragrances, insecticides, herbicides, or fungicides.
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What are the three major categories of land plants?
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1. Nonvascular plants
2. Seedless vascular plants 3. Seed plants |
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Nonvascular plants
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-Bryophytes!
-Lack vascular tissue to conduct water and provide support -Liverworts -Hornworts -Mosses |
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Seedless vascular plants
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Have vascular tissue.
Do not make seeds -Horsetails -Ferns -Whisk Ferns -Lycophytes or Club Mosses |
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Seed
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Consists of an embryo and a store of nutritive tissue, surrounding by a tough protective layer
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Seed plants
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Vascular tissue. Seeds.
-Gymnosperms -Cycads -Gingkoes -Conifers -Gnetophytes -Angiosperms |
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Carpel
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In angiosperms, the protective structure where seeds develop
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When were the first land plants?
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476 million years ago
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Who did land plants evolve from?
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Green algae
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Who are the land plant's closest living relative and what is that called?
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Charales
Sister group |
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What is the molecular phylogeny of green algae and land plants?
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Green algae are paraphyletic.
Land plants are monophyletic. |
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Who is the most basal group among land plants?
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Nonvascular plants
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How did land plants transition from water to land?
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-Cuticle and stomata for dry conditions
-Vascular tissue for transporting water -Alternation of generations for reproduction |
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Cuticle
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Waxy, watertight sealant that gives plants the ability to survive in dry environments
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Stomata
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Pores that open and close for gas exchange
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What water-conducting cells helped increase structural support in a series of steps?
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-Lignin
-Tracheids -Vessels |
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Lignin
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The first vascular tissue that reinforced primary cell walls
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Tracheids
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Contain gaps in secondary cell walls
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Vessels
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Contain gaps in primary and secondary cell walls
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Mosses
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Gametophyte is large.
Sporophyte depends on gametophyte. |
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Ferns
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Sporophyte is large, but when young depends on gametophyte
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Conifers
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Sporophyte is dominant.
Gametophyte depnds on sporophyte |
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Angiosperms
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Similar to gymnosperms, but ovules and seeds form in enclosures called ovaries
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What is the result of meiosis?
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Spores (n)
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What is the result of fertilization?
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Zygote (2n)
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Pollen
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Microscopic structure which is a reduced male gametophyte of seed plants
-Seed plants lost dependence on water for fertilization |
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Heterosporous
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Seed plants.
Microsporangia --> Microspores --> Male gametophyte --> Sperm Megasporangia --> megaspores --> Female gametophyte --> Eggs |
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Homosporous
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Sporangium --> Spores --> Bisexual gametophyte --> Sperm AND --> Egg
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Antheridia
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Where sperm form
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Archegonia
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Where eggs form
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Seed
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Structure that encloses and protects a developing embryo and a food supply
-In angiosperms, surrounded by fruit -Aids in dispersal |
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Fruits
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Derived from ovaries and contain seeds
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What are the 3 adaptations of angiosperms?
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1. Vessels
2. Flowers 3. Fruits |
