Ch. 26 Vocab

Front 1

TRIPLE ENTENTE-

Back 1

France, Russia, Britain sign a non binding agreement alliance

Front 2

ENTENTE-

Back 2

non binding agreement

Front 3

MILITARISM-

Back 3

military glory

Front 4

ALSACE/LORRAINE-

Back 4

French/German borders

Front 5

ULTIMATUM-

Back 5

final demands

Front 6

MOBILIZE-

Back 6

prepare military for war

Front 7

NEUTRALITY-

Back 7

support no side

Front 8

TRIPLE ALIANCE-

Back 8

Italy, Austria, Hungary

Front 9

TRIPLE ENTENTE-

Back 9

France, Russia, Britain sign a non binding agreement alliance

Front 10

BLACK HAND-

Back 10

Serbian Terrorist Group

Front 11

BLANK CHECK-

Back 11

Germany gave Austria a promise of unconditional support no matter what the cost

Front 12

STALEMATE-

Back 12

deadlock

Front 13

U BOAT-

Back 13

Unterseeboot or submarine

Front 14

CONVOY-

Back 14

group of merchant ships protected by warships

Front 15

DARDANELLES-

Back 15

a vital strait connects the Black Sea & Mediterranean

Front 16

MUSTARD GAS-

Back 16

poison gas

Front 17

ALLIES-

Back 17

[Br,F,R,Bel,US,Italy,Portugal,Japan]

Front 18

CENTRAL POWERS-

Back 18

[Germany,Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire]

Front 19

GEORGE M COHAN-

Back 19

American theatrical songwriter

Front 20

JOYCE KILMER-

Back 20

American poet died at battle fighting 69th division

Front 21

TOTAL WAR-

Back 21

a nation’s entire resources into a war effort

Front 22

CONSCRIPTION-

Back 22

the draft lottery system

Front 23

CONTRABAND-

Back 23

during wartime, military supplies needed by military, may legally be confiscated by anyone

Front 24

LUSITANIA-

Back 24

German sub torpedoed the British liner w/ American tourist onboard the ship off the coast of Ireland, May 1915

Front 25

PROPAGANDA-

Back 25

media controlling public opinion

Front 26

ATROCITY-

Back 26

horrible acts against innocent people

Front 27

FOURTEEN POINTS-

Back 27

terms resolving WW 1 & future wars outlined by Pres. Wilson in 1918

Front 28

SELF DETERMINATION-

Back 28

right of people to choose their own form of government

Front 29

ARMISTICE-

Back 29

agreement to end fighting in war November 11, 1918 [Veterans Day]

Front 30

PANDEMIC-

Back 30

spread of disease across a large area

Front 31

REPARATIONS-

Back 31

payment for war damages

Front 32

RADICALS-

Back 32

those who favor extreme changes

Front 33

COLLECTIVE SECURITY-

Back 33

system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve peace

Front 34

MANDATE-

Back 34

after WW1, a territory administered by Western power

Front 35

LEAGUE OF NATIONS-

Back 35

intergovernmental organization after WW1 Paris Peace Conference maintain world peace and end war

Front 36

WAR FATIGUE-

Back 36

total depressed exhaustion

Front 37

EDITH CAVELL-

Back 37

An English nurse charged to a German occupied, Belgium hospital. She helped allied soldiers escape to the Netherlands. Germany executed her for treason spying for the allies

Front 38

Mutual Defense Alliances

Back 38

Over time, countries throughout Europe made mutual defense agreements that would pull them into battle. Thus, if one country was attacked, allied countries were bound to defend them.

Front 39

Before World War 1, the following alliances existed:

Back 39

Russia and Serbia
Germany and Austria-Hungary
France and Russia
Britain and France and Belgium
Japan and Britain

Front 40

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia...

Back 40

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, Russia got involved to defend Serbia. Germany seeing Russia mobilizing, declared war on Russia. France was then drawn in against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Germany attacked France through Belgium pulling Britain into war. Then Japan entered the war. Later, Italy and the United States would enter on the side of the allies

Front 41

Imperialism

Back 41

Imperialism is when a country increases their power and wealth by bringing additional territories under their control. Before World War 1, Africa and parts of Asia were points of contention amongst the European countries. This was especially true because of the raw materials these areas could provide. The increasing competition and desire for greater empires led to an increase in confrontation that helped push the world into World War I.

Front 42

Militarism

Back 42

As the world entered the 20th century, an arms race had begun. By 1914, Germany had the greatest increase in military buildup. Great Britain and Germany both greatly increased their navies in this time period. Further, in Germany and Russia particularly, the military establishment began to have a greater influence on public policy. This increase in militarism helped push the countries involved to war.

Front 43

Nationalism

Back 43

Much of the origin of the war was based on the desire of the Slavic peoples in Bosnia and Herzegovina to no longer be part of Austria Hungary but instead be part of Serbia. In this way, nationalism led directly to the War. But in a more general way, the nationalism of the various countries throughout Europe contributed not only to the beginning but the extension of the war in Europe. Each country tried to prove their dominance and power.

Front 44

Immediate Cause of WWI: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Back 44

The immediate cause of World War I that made all the aforementioned items come into play (alliances, imperialism, militarism, nationalism) was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. In June 1914, a Serbian nationalist assassinated him and his wife while they were in Sarajevo, Bosnia which was part of Austria-Hungary. This was in protest to Austria-Hungary having control of this region. Serbia wanted to take over Bosnia and Herzegovina. This assassination led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia. When Russia began to mobilize due to its alliance with Serbia, Germany declared war on Russia. Thus began the expansion of the war to include all those involved in the mutual defense alliances.

Front 45

Imperial, territorial, and economic rivalries led to the “Great War” between:

Back 45

The Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire--Bulgaria, and Turkey) and The Allies (U.S., Britain, France, Russia, Belgium, Serbia, Greece, Romania, Montenegro, Portugal, Italy, and Japan).

Front 46

The Western Front

Back 46

The German army crossed the Belgian border on August 3rd 1914. Britain and France declared war on Germany on August 4th. The Germans pushed through Belgium and entered France.

The British and French armies marched to stop the German advance. The Battle of Marne 4th - 10th September stopped the Germans from marching on Paris.

To avoid losing the territory already gained in France, the Germans began digging trenches. The British and French, unable to break through the line of trenches, began to dig their own trenches. Throughout the entire war, neither side gained more than a few miles of ground along what became known as the western Front.

Front 47

Eastern Front

Back 47

The line of fighting on the Eastern side of Europe between Russia and Germany and Austria-Hungary is known as the Eastern Front. Fighting began on the Eastern front when Russia invaded East Prussia on 17th August 1914. Germany immediately launched a counter-offensive and pushed Russia back. This pattern of attack and counter-attack continued for the first two years of the war and meant that the Eastern Front changed position as land was captured and lost by both sides.
By 1917, the Russian people were fed up with the huge number of Russian losses. The government and monarchy were overthrown and the new Bolshevik government signed the treaty of Brest Litovsk which took the Russians out of the war.

Front 48

Italian Front

Back 48

Before the outbreak of war in August 1914, Italy had sided with Germany and Austria-Hungary. However, tempted by offers of more land once the war was won, Italy entered the war in April 1915 on the side of the allies. The Italian front is the name given to the fighting that took place along the border between Italy and Austria. The Italians only managed to advance a short way into Austria. Between 1915 and 1917 there were twelve battles fought along the river Isonzo. just inside the Austrian border. After being defeated at the battle of Caporetto the Italians were pushed back

Front 49

Gallipoli—Ottoman Empire

Back 49

The Gallipoli peninsula is located in the south of Turkey. In 1915, the allied commanders decided to try to attack Germany by attacking her ally, Turkey. Allied soldiers, mainly from Australia and New Zealand, were sent to the Peninsula while British ships tried to force a way through the Dardanelles. The entire mission was a failure. The allies lost more than 50,000 men but gained hardly any land.

Front 50

Joyce Kilmer 1886-1918

Back 50

Poet and literary journalist, Joyce Kilmer was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, attended Rutgers and obtained his A.B. degree from Columbia University in 1908, and married Aline Murray the same year. They had four children, and during this time Kilmer became a Roman Catholic. By 1913, he was working on the Sunday magazine and book-review sections of the New York Times, but his first book of poems, Trees and Other Poems (1914), quickly established his reputation as a popular religious poet. He enlisted in the New York National Guard and died in the 165th Regiment of the Rainbow Division at the second Battle of the Marne on July 30, 1918. He received a posthumous Croix de Guerre and was buried in France. In that year Robert Cortes Holliday brought out a memoir with Kilmer's poems (reprinted in 1968 by Kennikat Press), but a fuller life appears in the autobiography of his mother, Annie Kilburn Kilmer, Leaves from My Life (New York: Frye, 1925; PS 3521 I38Z65 Robarts Library).

Front 51

Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin

Back 51

Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin was the inventor of the rigid airship, or dirigible balloon. He was born July 8, 1838, in Konstanz, Prussia, and educated at the Ludwigsburg Military Academy and the University of Tübingen. He entered the Prussian army in 1858. Zeppelin went to the United States in 1863 to work as a military observer for the Union army in the American Civil War and later explored the headwaters of the Mississippi River, making his first balloon flight while he was in Minnesota. He served in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, and retired in 1891 with the rank of brigadier general. He made the first directed flight on July 2, 1900. In 1910, a zeppelin provided the first commercial air service for passengers.

By his death in 1917, he had built a zeppelin fleet, some of which were used to bomb London during World War I. However, they were too slow and explosive a target in wartime and too fragile to withstand bad weather. They were found to be vulnerable to antiaircraft fire, and about 40 were shot down over London.

After the war, they were used in commercial flights until the crash of the Hindenburg in 1937.
Zeppelin died on March 8, 1917.

Front 52

T.E. Lawrence- Lawrence of Arabia

Back 52

One of the most popular books among American military officers serving in Iraq is Seven Pillars of Wisdom -- the accounts of
T. E. Lawrence, the British colonel who rallied Arab tribal leaders during World War I. Lawrence wrote about unconventional warfare and the people of the region.

A new exhibition at London's Imperial War Museum features a long-lost map of the Middle East drafted by Lawrence and presented to the British cabinet in 1918. It provides an alternative to present-day borders in the region, taking into account local Arab sensibilities rather than the European colonial considerations that were dominant at the time.

For historians, Lawrence's map is an exercise in what ifs: He included a separate state for the Kurds, similar to that demanded by Iraq's Kurds today. Lawrence groups together the people in present-day Syria, Jordan and parts of Saudi Arabia into another state based on tribal patterns and commercial routes.

The map envisions a separate state called Palestine -- Lawrence knew the British were considering the creation of a homeland for the Jews.
And he saw no reason to separate Iraq's Sunnis and the Shiites -- an issue that continues to divide that country today

Front 53

BOLSHEVIKS-

Back 53

faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Lenin was the leader

Front 54

PROLETRIAT-

Back 54

working class

Front 55

SOVIET-

Back 55

council of workers

Front 56

MARXIST SOCIALISM-

Back 56

form of socialism by Karl Marx creating a classless society

Front 57

COMMUNISM-

Back 57

form of socialism by Karl Marx creating a classless society

Front 58

CHEKA-

Back 58

secret police force

Front 59

COMMISSAR-

Back 59

communist party officials assigned to the army to teach party principles and loyalty

Front 60

RED ARMY-

Back 60

Soviet Union portal The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army

Front 61

WHITE ARMY-

Back 61

Anti-Soviet Union, chiefly opponents of the Red Army They said they would bring law and order and the salvation of Russia, fighting against traitors

Front 62

COSSACKS-

Back 62

peasant Russian soldiers

Front 63

Alexander Kerensky

Back 63

In March 1917, when the tsar's government collapsed, the members of the Duma set up the Provisional Government, led by Alexander Kerensky.
The Provisional Government never really ruled Russia. Right from the start, it had to share power with the Petrograd Soviet, which had a rule (Order No.1) that its members should only obey the Provisional Government if the Soviet agreed with it. For this reason, March to November 1917 is sometimes called the period of Dual Government in Russia.
Disastrously, the Provisional Government - because it was only a temporary government - did not really carry out any major reforms. All it did was abolish the Okhrana and press censorship, and allow political freedom. This gave the government's opponents - such as Lenin's Bolsheviks - the freedom to attack the government for the problems it was not solving.
The main problem of the Provisional Government was that it tried to continue the war. In June 1917, it organised an attack on Austria. When the attack failed, people began to turn against the government. Instead, they started to follow Lenin whose welcome message was: 'Peace, bread, land'.

Front 64

Leon Trotsky

Back 64

went into exile in 1929 after his challenge to Stalin was crushed. He eventually moved to Mexico, where a Stalinist assassin caught up to him in 1940.

Front 65

Joseph Stalin

Back 65

Joseph Stalin was the communist leader and head of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1924-1953. He turned an undeveloped and divided nation into a powerful and prosperous state. He was adored on a scale that few leaders have achieved. During his lifetime he was glorified in Russian newspapers, in statues, in films and in street and city names around the USSR.
Under his leadership, the USSR caught up with her capitalist neighbors. By the end of the Second World War the Soviet Union had emerged as a super-power ranking second only to the United States of America.
Under his talented leadership, life for ordinary people improved enormously through city housing schemes; universal health care along with pensions and sickness benefits. There was a strong emphasis on education, causing illiteracy to be reduced from about 50% in 1924 to 19% by 1939. From 1934 it was compulsory for children to receive 11 years education.
Without any blueprint for communist production, every five years, the Soviet government under Stalin's instruction would set targets that industry and agriculture would have to meet.
Production in factories grew to incredible levels and electricity was distributed throughout the country. Heavy industry enjoyed substantial development, impressive examples being the Moscow Metro; the Dnieper hydro-electric dam; the steelworks at Magnitogorsk, Gorky and Kutznetsk. Whole new industrial centers were built in Kasbahs and the Volga.

Front 66

Rasputin, the Russian Orthodox Priest

Back 66

was a Russian peasant, mystical faith healer and private adviser to the Romanovs. He became an influential figure in Saint Petersburg, especially after August 1915 when Tsar Nicholas II took command of the army at the front. There is much uncertainty over Rasputin's life and the degree of influence he exerted over the Tsar and his government. Accounts are often based on dubious memoirs, hearsay and legend. While his influence and role may have been exaggerated, historians agree that his presence played a significant part in the increasing unpopularity of the Tsar and Alexandra Feodorovna, his wife, and the downfall of the Russian Monarchy. Rasputin was killed as he was seen by both the left and right to be the root cause of Russia's despair during World War I.

Front 67

Vladimir Lenin

Back 67

A Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He served as head of government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917, and of the Soviet Union. The Russian Empire was replaced by the Soviet Union; all wealth including land, industry and business was nationalized. Based in Marxism, his political theories are known as Leninism.

Front 68

Tsar Nicholas II

Back 68

Nicholas II was the last Emperor of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland. His official short title was Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias. He is known as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearerby the Russian Orthodox Churchand has been referred to as Saint Nicholas the Martyr. Nicholas II ruled from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdicationon 15 March 1917. His reign saw Imperial Russia go from being one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse. Political enemies nicknamed him Nicholas the Bloody because of the Khodynka Tragedy, alleged anti-Semitic pogroms, Bloody Sunday, his violent suppression of the 1905 Revolution, his execution of political opponents, and his pursuit of military campaigns on an unprecedented scale.

Front 69

CZARINA ALEXANDRA

Back 69

was Empress consort of Russia as the spouse of Nicholas II, the last Emperor of the Russian Empire. Born a granddaughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, she was given the name Alexandra Feodorovna upon being received into the Russian Orthodox Church, which canonized her as Saint Alexandra the Passion Bearer in 2000. Alexandra is best remembered as the last Tsaritsa of Russia, as one of the most famous royal carriers of the haemophilia disease, and for her support of autocratic control over the country. Her friendship with the Russian mystic and holy man, Grigori Rasputin, was also an important factor in her life.

Front 70

Alexander Kerensky

Back 70

In March 1917, when the tsar's government collapsed, the members of the Duma set up the Provisional Government, led by Alexander Kerensky.
The Provisional Government never really ruled Russia. Right from the start, it had to share power with the Petrograd Soviet, which had a rule (Order No.1) that its members should only obey the Provisional Government if the Soviet agreed with it. For this reason, March to November 1917 is sometimes called the period of Dual Government in Russia.
Disastrously, the Provisional Government - because it was only a temporary government - did not really carry out any major reforms. All it did was abolish the Okhrana and press censorship, and allow political freedom. This gave the government's opponents - such as Lenin's Bolsheviks - the freedom to attack the government for the problems it was not solving.
The main problem of the Provisional Government was that it tried to continue the war. In June 1917, it organised an attack on Austria. When the attack failed, people began to turn against the government. Instead, they started to follow Lenin whose welcome message was: 'Peace, bread, land'.

Front 71

TRENCH WARFARE-

Back 71

Trench warfare is a form of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are significantly protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery. Trench warfare occurred when a revolution in firepower was not matched by similar advances in mobility, resulting in a grueling form of warfare in which the defender held the advantage. In World War I, both sides constructed elaborate trench and dugout systems opposing each other along a front, protected from assault by barbed wire. The area between opposing trench lines (known as "no man's land") was fully exposed to artillery fire from both sides. Attacks, even if successful, often sustained severe casualties.

Front 72

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Back 72

Kaiser Wilhelm II was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918. Crowned in 1888, he dismissed the Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, in 1890 and launched Germany on a bellicose "New Course" in foreign affairs that culminated in his support for Austria-Hungary in the crisis of July 1914 that led in a matter of days to the First World War. Bombastic and impetuous, he sometimes made tactless pronouncements on sensitive topics without consulting his ministers, culminating in a disastrous Daily Telegraph interview that cost him most of his power in 1908. His top generals, Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, dictated policy during the First World War with little regard for the civilian government. An ineffective war leader, he lost the support of the army, abdicated in November 1918, and fled to exile in the Netherlands.