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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kidneys begin development in...
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the 5th week of development
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Kidneys begin production in...
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the 8th week of production
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Urine production begins in...
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the 9th-12th week gestation
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Main component of amniotic fluid is...
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urine
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Renal Hypoplasia
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kidneys do not develop to normal size
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Dysgenesis
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failure of organ to develop normally
Cells not normal size |
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Agenesis
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complete failure of organ to develop
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Most kidney abnormalities involve...
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shape and position
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Horseshoe Kidney
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The upper or lower poles are fused making the horseshoe appearance. usually functions fine
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Urinary Obstructive Disorders
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can occur at any age
can involve any part of urinary tract: renal pelvis, ureter. bladder, and urethra |
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Causes of Obstructive disorders
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Renal calculi (kidney stones)-#1 cause
Pregnancy, Tumors, BPH, Ureteral stricture, congenital defects |
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Renal Calculi
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-most common cause of upper UTI
-Crystalline structures that form from normal materials excretes in urine -require a nucleus and enviroment that supports it growth |
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Saturation Theory
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risk of stone formation is increases when urine is supersaturated with stone components such as calcium salts, uric acid, cystine
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3 theories of Stone formation
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Saturation theory, Matrix theory, Inhibitor theory
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Types of renal calculi
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Calcium salts, Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate stones, Uric Acid stones, Cystine stones
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Calcium Stones
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-most common of renal calculi
-70-80% of stones -formed from calcium oxalate and/or phosphate -usually associated with increased levels of calcium in the blood and urine |
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Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Stones, Struvite, Staghorn
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-form only is alkaline urine
-form only in presence of bacteria that releases urease, that splits urea, CO2, and ammonia -can ggrow large |
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Ammonia causes urine to...
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become alkaline
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Bacteria in urine releases...
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an enzyme, urease, that splits CO2, urea, and ammonia
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Renal Colic
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-Most common kidney stone pain
-acute, intermittent, terrible pain in flank and upper outer quadrant of abd -N/V |
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Non-colicky Pain
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-pain with kidney stones
-less common -causes by stones that cause distension of renal pelvis -deep dull ache in flank made worse by drinking |
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Hydronephrosis
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urine filled dilation of the renal pelvis and calcifies which causes atrophy of the kidney due to impaired urine flow
- could destroy kidney - pain with urine stasis |
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Diagnosis of Kidney Stones
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UA, IVP, CT SCAN, Ultrasound
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Treatment of kidney stones
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supportive care, pain meds, IV fluids, strain urine, analyze stones. prevent future stones, lithotripsy
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UTI
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-Second most common bacterial infection
-lower or upper urinary tract -symptomatic or asymptomatic |
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Cystitis
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UTI of bladder or lower urinary tract
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Pyelonephritis
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-UTI of kidney itself
-inflammation of the kidney affects the tubules, interstitium, and renal pelvis |
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Most common bacteria that causes UTIs...
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E.coli
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S/S of UTI
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frequency, urgency, dysuria, foul-smelling urine, lower back or abd pain
NO fever |
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Acute Pyelonephritis
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bacterial - E.coli
cath, pregnancy, reflux, neurogenic bladder |
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Chronic pyelonephritis
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-more complex
-includes bacterial and reflux of urine`` |
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Which people group is more susceptible to UTI?
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Women, shorter urethras
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What symptom do the eldery have with a UTI?
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Altered mental status
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Glomerulonephritis
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-Inflammation of the glomerular structures
-leading cause of chronic renal failure -antigen-antibody complexes float around and damage he tissue where they settle - many settle in glomerular membrane |
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Primary and Secondary Glomerulonephritis
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-Primary - only disease present
-Secondary - may be a result of another disease -most primary are immune responses |
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Proliferative
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increase of the cellular components of the glomerulus
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Sclerotic
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increase in noncellular components, mostly collagen
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Membranous
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increase in thickness of the glomerulus capillary wall
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Nephritic Syndromes
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-caused by diseases that cause proliferative inflammatory response
-decreases permeability of glomerular capillary membrane and damages wall -allows RBCs to escape in blood -hematuria, oliguria, high BP, and azotemia (waste in blood) |
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Nephrotic Syndromes
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-disorders that increase the permeability of glomerular capillary membrane, causing losses of protiens in urine
-generalized edema |
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Hyperlipidemia caused by Nephrotic syndrome does...
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occurs due to liver trying to compensate for the loss of proteins in urine and increasing lipid synthesis
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Wilms Tumor
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-Most common primary cancers in 3-5 yr old kids
-mass and high BP |
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Renal Cell Carcinoma
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-men 60 or up
-Kidney stones put at higher risk -most common sign is hematuria |
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Hyperlipidemia caused by Nephrotic syndrome does...
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occurs due to liver trying to compensate for the loss of proteins in urine and increasing lipid synthesis
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Wilms Tumor
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-Most common primary cancers in 3-5 yr old kids
-mass and high BP |
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Renal Cell Carcinoma
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-men 60 or up
-Kidney stones put at higher risk -most common sign is hematuria |
