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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the order that food flows through the GItract, starting with the mouth and ending with the anus. |
•Mouth •Pharynx •Esophagus Stomach –fundus --body –pylorus •Small intestine –duodenum –jejunum –ileum •Large intestine –cecum –colon –rectum –anus (external opening) |
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Describe peristalsis. |
contraction and relaxation of muscles that propagates in a wave down a tube.
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Describe the peritoneal membranes of theabdominal cavity. |
Lines wall of abdominal cavity
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Describe the structure and function of the fourbasic layers of the alimentary canal. |
–Mucosa –Submucosa –Muscularis externa –Serosa |
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What are the functions of saliva? |
–Cleansesmouth –Dissolves foodchemicals for taste –Moistensfood; compacts into bolus –Beginsbreakdown of starch withsalivaryamylase –Beginsbreakdownof fats with linguallipase |
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Describe the number, structure, and function ofthe four types of teeth. |
•Incisors –Chiselshaped for cutting •Canines (cuspids) –Fangliketeeth that tearor pierce •Premolars(bicuspids) –Broadcrowns, rounded cusps; grind/crush •Molars (tricuspids) –Broadcrowns, rounded cusps; best grinders |
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Describe the structure and function of theesophagus. |
•Flatmusculartube fromlaryngopharynx to stomach •Piercesdiaphragm at esophagealhiatus •Joinsstomach at cardialorifice –Gastroesophageal(cardiac) sphincter surroundsthe cardialorifice |
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What types of digestive processes occur in themouth? |
•Ingestion •Mechanicaldigestion –Mastication(chewing) •Propulsion –Deglutition(swallowing) •Chemicaldigestion (salivary amylase & lingual lipase) •~No absorption, except for few drugs |
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What are the three muscle layers of the stomach? |
Oblique layer Circular layer Longitudinal layer |
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Name the main regions of the stomach. |
Cardia fundus body pyloric antrum (end region) |
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What four substances make up gastric juice? |
•Glandsin fundus and body produce most gastric juice –Hydrochloric acid (HCl) •® pH1.5–3.5 denatures protein, activates pepsin, breaks down plant cell walls,kills many bacteria –Intrinsic factor •Glycoproteinrequired for absorption of vitamin B12 insmall intestine |
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What digestive processes occur in the stomach? |
-Physical digestion -Denaturation of proteins by HCl -Enzymatic digestion of proteins by pepsin (and milk protein by rennin in infants) -Lipase digests some triglycerides -Delivers chime to small intestine |
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Describe the modifications of the smallintestine that allow for a greater surface area for absorption. |
–Circularfolds (plicae circulares) –Villi –Microvilli |
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What digestive processes occur in the smallintestine? |
Digestion and absorption |
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Why are the liver, gallbladder, and pancreascalled “accessory structures?” |
They are not part of the digestive tract but play a role in the digestive system. |
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Whatis the function of bile? Where is it produced? Where is it stored?
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function is to emulsify fat produced in liver stored in gallbladder |
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What are the endocrine and exocrine functions ofthe pancreas? |
•Endocrinefunction –Pancreaticislets secrete insulinand glucagon •Exocrinefunction –Clustersof cells secrete pancreatic juice •To duodenum via main pancreatic duct |
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What kinds of enzymes are found in pancreaticjuice? |
–Amylase, lipases, nucleases secreted in active form but require ionsor bile for optimal activity –Proteases secreted in inactive form |
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List the parts of the large intestine that fecestravel through in order from cecum to anus. |
–Cecum –Appendix –Colon –Rectum –Analcanal |
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What is the function of the appendix? |
•masses of lymphoidtissue –Partof immunesystem –Bacterialstorehouse à recolonizesgut when necessary –Twisted àenteric bacteria accumulate and multiply |
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Name three functions of bacterial flora thatlive in the large intestine. |
–Colonize colon –SynthesizeB complex vitamins and vitaminK –Metabolize some host-derived molecules (mucin,heparin, hyaluronic acid) –Ferment indigestible carbohydrates –Releaseirritating acidsand gases(~500 ml/day) |
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Describe the anal sphincters and the control ofdefecation. |
–Internal anal sphincter— smoothmuscle –External anal sphincter— skeletal muscle |
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Describe the process of carbohydrate digestion.Include the organs that are involved, the enzymes that are produced, and theend products of each step. |
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Describe the process of protein digestion.Include the organs that are involved, the enzymes that are produced, and theend products of each step. |
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Describe the process of lipid digestion. Includethe organs that are involved, the enzymes that are produced, and the endproducts of each step. |
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