Ch 21 Notecards

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WALTER LAFEBER

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Marie Underhill Noll Professor and a Steven Weisse Presidential Teaching Fellow of History in the Department of History at Cornell University. He is one of the United States' most distinguished historians, a revisionist, of the nation's Foreign Relations.

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MONROE DOCTRINE

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an United States policy that was introduced on December 2, 1823, which stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed, by the United States of America, as acts of aggression requiring US intervention. The Monroe Doctrine asserted that the Western Hemisphere was not to be further colonized by European countries and that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries.

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ISOLATIONISM

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A foreign policy which combines a non-interventionist military policy and a political policy of economic nationalism (protectionism).

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IMPERIALISM

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The Dictionary of Human Geography, is "the creation and maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination."

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JOSIAH STRONG

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An American Protestant clergyman, organizer, editor and author. Advocated expansionist policy on the basis of missionary work in developing nations.

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“OUR COUNTRY”

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A book written by Protestant cleric Josiah Strong. Intended to promote missionary activity in the Philippines and other regions.

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WILLIAM HENRY SEWARD

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Secretary of State under President Lincoln, actively promoted expansive foreign policies in Latin America.

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QUEEN LILIUOKALANI

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The last monarch and only queen regnant of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Overthrown in 1876 by white sugar interests.

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ALFRED THAYER MAHAN

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A United States Navy flag officer, geostrategist, and historian, who has been called "the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century." His concept of "sea power" was based on the idea that the most powerful navy will control the globe; it was most famously presented in The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 (1890).

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THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON HISTORY”

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A history of naval warfare written in 1890 by Alfred Thayer Mahan. It details the role of sea power throughout history and discusses the various factors needed to support and achieve sea power, with emphasis on having the largest and most powerful fleet.

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GEORGE DEWEY

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an admiral of the United States Navy. Many historians called him the "Hero of Manila." He is best known for his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War.

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MCKINLEY TARIFF

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Set the average tariff rate for imports to the United States at 48.4%, and protected manufacturing. Its chief proponent was Congressman and future President William McKinley.

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WILSON GORMAN TARIFF

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Slightly reduced the United States tariff rates from the numbers set in the 1890 McKinley tariff and imposed a 2% income tax.

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VALERIANO WEYLER

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Spanish captain-general responsible for subduing Cuban insurgents by using a policy of re- concentration.

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YELLOW JOURNALISM

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A type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers.

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USS MAINE

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The USS Maine had been sent to Havana, Cuba to protect U.S. interests during the Cuban revolt against Spain. On the evening of 15 February 1898, she suddenly exploded, and swiftly sank, killing nearly three quarters of her crew. Though then, as now, the cause and responsibility for her sinking were unclear; popular opinion in the U.S. blamed Spain

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RECONCENTRATION POLICY

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Enacted by Valeriano Weyler in order to relocate Cuba's rural population into camps in order to destroy the insurgent base.

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TELLER AMENDMENT

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An amendment to a joint resolution of the United States Congress, enacted on April 19, 1898, in reply to President William McKinley's War Message. It placed a condition of the United States military in Cuba. According to the clause, the U.S. could not annex Cuba but only leave "control of the island to its people."

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“SPLENDID LITTLE WAR”

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The Spanish-American war as described by Secretary of State under McKinley John Hay.

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SAN JUAN HILL

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It was a decisive battle of the Spanish-American War. It was also the location of the greatest victory for the Rough Riders as claimed by the press and its new commander, the future Vice-President and later President, Teddy Roosevelt

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TREATY OF PARIS 1898

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The Treaty signaled the end of the Spanish Empire in America and the Pacific Ocean, and marked the beginning of an age of United States colonial power.

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CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS

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An anti-Imperialist that warned that the acquisition of colonies would result in the accumulation of debt and an increase in taxes. Also, warned against the possibility of an income tax that would result form expansion.

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ANTI-IMPERIALIST LEAGUE

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An organization established in the United States on June 15, 1898 to battle the American annexation of the Philippines[1] The anti-imperialists opposed the expansion because they believed imperialism violated the credo of republicanism, especially the need for "consent of the governed."

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FORAKER ACT

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A federal act providing for the establishment of a civil government in Puerto Rico. It made the region a territory of the United States, gave the President power to appoint a governor general. Along with an appointed upper house and elected lower house.

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PLATT AMENDMENT

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The amendment stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba since the Spanish-American War, and defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations until the 1934 Treaty of Relations. The Amendment ensured U.S. involvement in Cuban affairs, both foreign and domestic, and gave legal standing to U.S. claims to certain economic and military territories on the island including Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.

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OPEN DOOR POLICY

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A concept in foreign affairs, which usually refers to the policy around 1900 allowing multiple Imperial powers access to China, with none of them in control of that country.

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JOHN HAY

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An American statesman, diplomat, author, journalist, and private secretary and assistant to Abraham Lincoln. Advocated an expanded international relations in Latin America.