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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Resp. tract
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most common place for infectious agents to gain access
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Upper resp. tract
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mouth, nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx
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Lower resp. tract.
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trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli
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6 defenses of resp. tract
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1. nasal hair
2. cilia 3. mucus 4. involuntary responses 5. macrophages 6. secretory IgA |
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normal biota of resp. tract normally limited to....
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upper resp.
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normal biota comp.
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gram (+)
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normal biota can cause disease when...
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host is immunocompromised o if transferred to other host
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5 normal biota
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Strepto. pyogenes; Strepto. pneumonia, Staph. aur.;Haemophilus influ.; Neisseria meningitides
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Rhinitis (common cold) common causative org.
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over 200 viruses can cause.
rhinovirus; coronavirus |
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Rhinitis symptoms
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begin 2-3 days after infection; usually no fever; may get 2ndary bact. infection
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Rhinitis patho.
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penetrate and atach to mucus in resp. tract; use host cells to reproduce
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Sinusitus causative org.
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allergy or infections, various bacteria (usually normal biota)
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communicable?
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no
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Sinusitus symptoms
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nasal congestion; sinus pressure; head or toothache; facial swelling or tenderness
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Sinusitus discharge
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green or yellow (bacterial)
clear w/ itchy, watery eyes (allergy) |
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Acute Otitis Media (Ear infection)
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common sequel to rhinitis; buildup of fluid in middle ear
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Ear infection causative org.
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Strepto. pneumoniae; Haemophilis influ.
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Ear infection patho.
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bacteria migrate along eustachian tube and multiply -> pus buildup
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Chronic otitis media
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fluid buildup for long periods of time; maybe caused by biofilm bacteria
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Pharyngitis
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inflammation of the throat
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Pharyngitis symptoms
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foul breath; pain, swelling, swollen tonsils, pus nodules; could affect speech and swallowing
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Streptococcous pyogenes
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caused by same viruses as colds. Gram (+). needs to be treated
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Scarlet fever bacteria produces...
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erythogenic toxin
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scarlet fever symptoms
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sandpaper rash, high fever
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scarlet fever treatment
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antibiotics. 95% fatal
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Rheumatic fever follows...
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3 weeks after pharyngitis
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Rheum. fever consequences
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heart valve damage, arthritis
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prevention of rheum. fever
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treat pharyngitis
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Rheum. fever
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immunologic cross-reaction with heart muscle
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Glomerulonephritis results from...
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antigen-antibody complexes n kidney
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Glomerulo. consequences
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kidney damage
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M protein
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S. pyogenes vir. factor.
assists in adherence and resists phagocytosis |
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hyaluronic acid capsule
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S. pyogenes virulence factor.
adhesiveness |
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streptolysins
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S. pyogenes vir. factor.
cause lysis of WBCs, liver, and heart muscles |
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Erythrogenic toxin
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S. pyogenes vir. factor.
resp. for red rash of scarlet fever. |
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Diphtheria causative org.
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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Diphtheria symptoms
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sore throat, low fever, no appetite
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Pseudomembrane forms on...
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tonsils and pharynx; may block respiration
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pseudomembrane contains
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fibrin, bacteria, lymphocytes, dead tissue
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Diphtheria patho. and virulence factors.
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A-B exotoxin
adds ADP-ribose to EF-2: inhibits protein synth.=cell death |
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Diphtheria prevention and treatment
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mixed vacc.: DTaP
antitoxin from horses antobiotics |
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Whooping cough
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lower resp. tract disease
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whooping cough caus. org.
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Bordetella pertussis
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2 whooping cough symptoms phases
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1. catarrhal stage
2. paroxysmal stage |
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catarrhal stage
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3-21 days after inc.
bacteria cause cold sympt. 1-2 weeks |
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paroxysmal stage
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severe coughing
coughing bursts blood vessels in eyes and can cause vomiting |
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last whooping cough symptoms phase
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convalescent period
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whooping cough convalscent phase
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recovery in weeks to months
immunocompromised |
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whooping cough vir. factors
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filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA)
2 exotoxins: pertussis; tracheal |
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pertussis and tracheal toxins
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damage respiratory epithelial and phagocytic cells
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FHA
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structure surrounding bacteria
secreted to attach to epithelial cells of mouth and throat |
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produces giant multinucleated cells in resp. tract
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Respiratory Synctial virus (RSV)
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most prevalent cause of resp. infection to newborns
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Resp. Synct. Virus
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Resp. Synct. Virus symptoms
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fever, rhinitis, pharyng., otitis. (more serious have croup-like symptoms)
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RSV prevention
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no vaccine
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Influenza
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can go from upper to lower resp. tract if serious
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how many possible flu viruses?
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3
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Why is ssRNA genome in flu virus subject to variability?
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antigenic shift
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swapping of genes w/ another flu virus
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antigenic shift
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led to 1918 flu pandemic
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antigenic shift
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Influenza patho.
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virus binds to ciliated cells
shedding of cells w/ virus protective ciliary clearance=inflammation |
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Influenza virulence factors
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glycoprotein spikes on viral envelope
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2 types of spikes on flu virus envelope
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hemagglutinin (H)
neuraminidase (N) |
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hemagglutinin (H)
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binds host receptors on resp. mucosa
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neuraminidase (N)
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breaks down mucus coating in resp. tract, viral budding and release
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why are humans usually unresponsive to Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
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resistant
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progression speed of untreated TB
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slow
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clinical TB divided into...
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primary, secondary, and disseminated
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Primary TB symptoms
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typically asymptomatic; sometimes low fever
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after 3-4 weeks of prim. TB....
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influxof mononuclear cells into lungs
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Tubercles
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central coreof TB
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tubercles in...
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macrophages, outer wall of fibroblasts, lymphocytes, neutrophils
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necrotic caseous lesions
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broken down tubercles; heal by calcification
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Secondary TB (reactivation)
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dormant bacteria become reactivated
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chronic TB
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tubercles w/ bacteria drain into bronchial tubes and upper resp. tract
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Chronic TB symptoms
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violent coughing, greenish/bloody sputum, anorexia, low fever, extreme fatigue, night sweats, chest pain
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extrapulmonary TB location
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outside lungs; kidneys, long bones, lymph nodes, genital tract, brain, meninges
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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acid-fast rod; cell mediated immunity
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Mycobacterium tub. surface
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waxy (can survie with macrophages)
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TB treatment
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antibiotics for 9 months
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TB reaction (TB skin test)
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1. inject PPD
2. measure bump after 24 hours |
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Pneumonia
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inflammation of lung when fluid fills alveoli
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Pneumonia caus. org.
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2/3 Streptococcous pneumoniae; various microorg.
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viral or bacterial pneumonia more mild?
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viral
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Pneumonia symptoms
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sinunsitis symptoms at first; onset of lung sympt.: chest pain, fever, cough, colored sputum
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Strepto. pneum. infection occurs when
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bacteria inhaled into lower resp. regions or droplet
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Pneumonia from Strepto. pneum. occurs when...
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mucus w/ bacteria passes into sterile bronchi and alveoli
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Why is Strepto. pneum. more lethal?
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infection spreads until person drowns in own secretions
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Strepto. pneum. treatment
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Pneumococcal vaccine (for elderly)
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Legionella pneumophila
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gram (-)
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Legion. pneum. found in
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water
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Legion. pneum. causes
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Legionnaires disease (oppurtunistic)
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Mycoplasma pneum. transmitted by
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aerosol droplets
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Myco. pneum. virulence fac.
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binds to receptors in resp. epthelium and inhibits ciliary action (2-3 weeks)`
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large amounts of Hantavirus antigen cause
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lung symptoms (breathing diff.)
dissemination in bloodstream |
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SARS causative org.
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coronavirus
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SARS location
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Asia
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SARS death rate
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9%
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SARS treatment
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none
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Histoplasma
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fungal infection
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Histoplasma symptoms
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asymptomatic
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Histoplasma transmission
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inhalation
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Histoplasma grows in...
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macrophages
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Pneumocystis jiroveci
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fungal infection
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ages Pneum. jiro. commonly found
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3-4 years
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Pneumo. jiro. rare until
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HIV/AIDS
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Pneum. jiro. usually held in check by
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WBC's
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Pneumo. jiro. affect on lungs
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epithelial cells slough off, causing inflammation
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