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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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glucose is converted to Glu-6-phosphate by?
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hexokinase
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Glu-6-phosphate can enter other metabolic cycles such as?
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1) glycolysis
2) pentose phosphate pathway 3) glycogen synthesis |
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pentose phosphate pathway
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1) glucose
2) Glu-6-phosphate 3) Fruc-6-phos 4) glyceraldehyde-3-phos 5) pyruvate |
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ribulose-5-phosphate can be produced from?
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1) gluc-6-phos or
2) fruc-6-phos |
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ribulose-5-phos can be used for?
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nucleotide biosynthesis
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in the conversion of glu-6-phos to ribulose-5-phos, 2 molecules of NADP+ are converted to?
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NADPH
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pyruvate produced from pentose phosphate pathway can enter?
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glycolysis
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What is pentose phosphate pathway?
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an alternative pathway for glucose degradation that provides the cell with reducing power in the form of NADPH
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NADPH stands for?
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nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
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glycolysis
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conversion of
1) glucose < 2) glu-6-phos < 3) pyruvate |
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pyruvate produced by glycolysis enters what cycle for production of energy?
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TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid)
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which glucose metabolism is almost exact reverse of glycolysis?
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gluconeogenesis
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in gluconeogenesis, glucose is produced from?
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1) lactate
2) pyruvate 3) amino acids (from noncarb. precursors) |
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glycogen synthesis
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1) glucose
2) glu-6-phos 3) glucose-1- phos 4) glycogen |
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glycogenesis
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the metabolic pathway that results in the addition of glucose to growing glycogen polymers when BS levels are high
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glycogenolysis
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the biochemical pathway that results in the removal of glucose molecules from glycogen polymers when blood glucose levels are low
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step of glycogenolysis
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1) glycogen
2) glu-1-phos 3) glu-6-phos 4) glucose |
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate) serves as?
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a "go-between" molecule that couples exergonic catabolism reactions to endergonic anabolic reactions
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ATP "captures" energy as?
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phosphosanhydride bonds
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what reaction of the anhydride bonds provides energy for anabolism?
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hydrolysis
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what enzyme in saliva cleaves larger complex sugars (like starch) into smaller units?
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alpha-amylase
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alpha-amylase is destroyed by?
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stomach acid
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duodenum neutralizes stomach acid with ----(1), and also secretes ----(2).
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1) bicarb
2) alpha-amylase |
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small polysaccharide units (ex. maltose) left and are converted into monosaccharides by?
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glycosidases
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glycosidases are found on?
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cell walls of intestinal villi
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splitting into monosaccharides allows absorption across membrane via?
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facilitated transport
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carbohydrate transport into tissues
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1) GLUT (glucose transporters)
2) pinocytosis 3) pores between cells or in basement membrane |
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catabolism: stage 1
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hydrolysis of macromolecules to small subunits (food molecules are degraded)
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stage 1: polysaccharides
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1) begins in the mouth with amylase action on starch
2) continues in SI to form monosaccharides |
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stage 1: proteins
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1) begins in the stomach
2) by SI, converted to amino acids |
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stage 1: fats
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1) begins in SI
2) to fatty acids and glycerol |
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stage 2 of catabolism
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conversion of monomers to a form that can be completely oxidized
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stage 2: sugars
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1) glycolysis and
2) TCA cycle |
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stage 2: fatty acids
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enter TCA cycle as acetyl CoA
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stage 3 of catabolism
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1) complete oxidation/ATP produced
2) acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle and electorons and H atoms are harvested as CO2 is produced |
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glycolysis step 1:
glucose + ATP is converted to? |
glucose-6-phosphate + ADP by hexokinase
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glycolysis step 2:
glucose-6-phosphate + ADP is converted to? |
fructose-6-phosphate by phosphoglucose isomerase
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glycolysis step 3:
fructose-6-phosphate + ATP is converted to? |
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP by phosphofructokinase
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glycolysis step 4:
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is converted to? |
1)D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
2)dihydroxyacetone phosphate by aldolase |
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glycolysis step 5:
dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted to? |
D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by triosephosphate isomerase
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glycolysis step 6:
D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + NAD+ + HPO4 2- is converted to? |
glycerate-1,3-bisphosphate + NADH + H+ by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
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glycolysis step 7: glycerate-1,3-bisphosphate + ADP is converted to?
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3-phosphoglycerate + ATP by phosphoglycerate kinase
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glycolysis step 8:
3-phosphoglycerate is converted to? |
2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase
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glycolysis step 9:
2-phosphoglycerate is converted to? |
PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) + H2O + ADP by enolase
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glycolysis step 10:
PEP is converted to? |
pyruvate + ATP by pyruvate kinase
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hexokinase (step 1) is inhibited by?
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glucose-6-phosphate, ATP
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PFK (phosphofructokinase, step 3) is activated by?
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fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, AMP
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PFK (phosphofructokinase, step 3) is inhibited by?
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citrate, ATP
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pyruvate kinase (step 10) is activated by?
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fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, AMP
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pyruvate kinase (step 10) is inhibited by?
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Acetyl-CoA, ATP
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fermentation:
pyruvate + NADH + H+ is converted to? |
lactate + NAD+ by lactate dehydrogenase
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fermentation 2:
pyruvate is converted to? |
acid aldehyde by pyruvate decarboxylase
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acid aldehyde + NADH + H+ is converted to?
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ethanol + NAD+ by aldehyde dehydrogenase
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pentose phosphate (PP) pathway: stage 1
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1) oxidative stage
2) NADPH for biosynthesis is produced |
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PP pathway: stage 2
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three ribulose-5-phosphate result
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PP pathway: stage 3
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1) ribose-5-phosphate
2) two xylulose-5-phosphate 3) two fructose-6-P 4) glyceraldehyde-3-P |
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gluconeogenesis makes glucose from?
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noncarbohydrate
1) lactate 2) glycerol 3) most AA starting materials primarily in the liver |
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3 nonreversible steps of glycolysis must be bypassed with new routes
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1) pyruvate --> PEP
2) fructose-1,6-bisP --> fructose-6-P 3) glucose-6-P --> glucose |
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pyruvate + ATP + CO2 + H2O is converted to?
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oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi + H+ by pyruvate carboxylase
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oxaloacetate + GTP is converted to?
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PEP (phosphoenol pyruvate) + GDP + CO2 by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
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fructose-1,6-bisP is converted to?
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fructose-6-P by fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
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glucose-6-P is converted to?
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glucose by glucose-6-phosphatase
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Cori cycle
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lactate from skeletal muscle is transferred to the liver where it is converted to pyruvate then glucose which can be returned to the muscle
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glycogenolysis (glycogen degradation) is controlled by?
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1) glucagon (pancreas)
2) epinephrine (adrenal gland) |
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glcogenolysis step 1
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glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes removal of an end glucose as glucose-1-P
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glycogenolysis step 2
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debranching enzyme catalyzes removal of the last glucose at an alpha(1->6) branch as glucose
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glycogenolysis step 3:
glucose-1-P is converted to? |
glucose-6-P by phosphoglucomutase
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insulin
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1) elevates glucokinase
2) activates glycogen synthetase |
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insulin inhibits
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glycogen phosphorylase
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glucagon stimulates
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glycogen phosphorylase
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glucagon inhibits
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glycogen synthetase
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proteoglycans
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are a core protein with many long chains of glycosaminoglycans attached
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proteoglycans are found in?
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1) synovial fluids
2) vitreous humor 3) cartilage 4) bone |
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glycoproteins
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are short chain, usually branched carbs attached to proteins
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glycoproteins are found in?
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1) mucus
2) blood 3) membrane |
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glycolipids
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are lipid core (sphingolipid) with attached monosaccharides
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glycolipids are found in?
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1) cell membranes
2) may be part of cell recognition sites |
