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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Own cells have unique cell markers embedded in our plasma membranes that identify each of our cells as?
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Sef
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The ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells called?
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Self-tolerance
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All of these defense mechanisms can be categorized into one of two major categories of immune mechanisms?
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innate immunity
adaptive immunity |
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Innate means?
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something that is already present naturally at birth
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Innate immunity is also called ?
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Nonspecifiic immunity
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What defense mechaisms is specific immunity or acqu;ired immunity?
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Adaptive immunity
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What is the barriers for Innate immunity?
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Skin
mucosa antimicrobial chemicals |
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What cells fomulate the innate immunity?
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Phagocytes (macrophages, neurtropils)
Natural killer (NK) |
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What cells formulate in the Adaptive immunity?
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Lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)
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Primary type of cells involved in the innate immunity are these cells?
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epithelial barrier cells
phagocytic cellss Natural |
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Chemicals released from cells to trigger or regulate innate and adpative immune responses, also particular in innate immunity?
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Cytokines
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Examples of Cytokines include?
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Interleukins
Leukotrienes Interferons |
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Refers to a phenomenon in which the genetic characteristics common to a particular kind of organism, or Species provide defense agasint certain pathogens?
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Species resistance
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Some blood proteins that innate immunity uses?
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Complement
Interferon other |
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What are some mechanisms of Defense?
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Mechanical and chemical barriers
inflammatin phagocytosis NK cells |
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What chemical barriers aid in defense?
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Sebum
mucus enzymes chemically inhibit the activity of pathogens |
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Protein produced by cells after they become infected by a virus; inhibits the spread or furthur development of a viral infection
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INterferon
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1st line of defense would be ?
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Mechanical and chemical barriers
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2nd line of defense
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inflammation response
phagocytosis (majority) |
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3rd line of defense
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Specific immune repsornes
Natural killer cells |
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Group of proteins (inactive enzymes) that produce a cascade of chemical reations that ultimatley causes lysis (ruputure) of foreign cells?
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Complement
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Contains pathogen-inhibiting agents
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Sebum
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Pathogens may stick and be swept away?
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Mucus
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May hydrolyze pathogens?
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enzymes
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The epithelial barriers of the body are essentially what type defense mechanism?
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innate, nonspefic defenses
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What is released by the mast cells during an inflammatory response?
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histamine
kinins prostaglandins Leukotrienes interleukins related compounds |
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Many of these mediators are chemotactiv factors, that is , substances that attract WBC to the area in a process called?
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Chemotaxis
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Chemotaxis is the process by which a cell navigates toward the source, by detecting and moveing toward higher concentration of the factor?
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Chemotactive factor (chemotaxin)
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Factors released from tissue cells and phagocytes such as the peptide fragment called C5alpa from complement, produce the mechanisms that cause characteristics of inflammation?
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heat
reddness pain swelling |
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A major component of the body's second line of defense is the mechanism of?
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Phagocytosis
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Phagosomes moves into the interior of the cell, where lysosomes fuses it. What type of contents are inside the lysosome to help destroy the microorganisms?
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digestive enzymes
hydrogen peroxide |
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Phagocyte will process the proteins and display bits of proteins (peptides) on the surface of the phagocyte. Recoginzing by cells of adaptive immue syste as antigens, possible triggering a immune reponse are called?
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Antigen-presenting Cells (APC)
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Type of protein interferes with the ability of virus to cause disease?
They prevent the virusus from multiplying |
Interferon
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How does the IFN act?
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as a paracrine (local) hormone that allows virus infected cells to send alarm to nerby cells that protects the unifected cell
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What are the three major types of Interferons?
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Leukocytes
fibroblast immune |
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Name given to each of a group of about 20 inactive enzyme in the plasma on cell surfaces?
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Complement
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Complement molecules are activated how?
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In a cascade of chemical reactions triggered by either adaptive or innate mechanisms
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This process is called Posonization?
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Complement marks microbes for destruction by phagocytic cells
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Adaptive immunity, part of 3rd line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of WBC called?
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Lymphocytes
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Where are lymphocytes formed?
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Red bone marrow of the fetus
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Stem cell destined to become lymphoctyes of the adpative immune system follow two devleopmenta paths and differentiate tino TWO MAJOR classes of lymphcytes called?
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B lymphs
T lymphs |
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These cells do not attack pathogens themselves but insted produce molecules called________ that attack pathogens or direct other cells such as phygocytes to attack them?
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B-cells
Antibodies |
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B cell mechanisms are therefore often classifed as what?
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Antibody-mediated immunity
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Because anitbodies disperse freely in the blood plasm, where they accomplish their immune fucntions, this type of immunity is called?
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Hummoral immuity
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T-cells attach directly, they are consided or classifeid how?
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Cell-mediated immuniity or Cellular immunity
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International system for naming surface markes in the blood cells is called?
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CD syste (cluster of differentiation)
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Activation of adaptive immunity requries two activating signals, which are?
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specific antigen
chemical signal |
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Chemcial requried to stimulate immune fucntion may come from where?
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injuired/infected cell
from microrobes themselves |
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Densest populations of lymhocytes occur where?
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bone marrow
thymus lymph nodes spleen |
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Family of cells, all of which have descended from one cell
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clone
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a group of proteins, that, when activated, work together to destroy foreign cells
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complement
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Navie b-cells are somtimes called ?
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inactive or virgin B-cells
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Another name for B cells?
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plasma cells
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Ultimate fucntion of B-cells?
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is to serve as ancestors of antibody-secreting plasma cells (effector B -cell)
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Antibodies are proteins of the family called?
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Immunoglobulin (Ig)
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Characteristics of Antibodies (immunoglobulbins)
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very large molecule
long chains of amino acids (polypeptidess) |
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How many immunoglobulin molecules are their in a chaing?
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four polypeptide chains
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How man are in heavy chains?
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2
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How many chains are in the light?
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2
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Polypeptide chain is intricately folded to form globular regions that are joined together in such a way that the Ig molecules as a whole form WHAT SHAPE?
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Y
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Regions in which the sequence of amino acids vaires in different antibody molecuels?
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Variable regions
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Each light chain in an antibody molecule also has what?
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constant region
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The constant regions consist of how many amino acids whose sequence is identical in all antibody molecules?
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106
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Antibody has two antigen-binding sites, what are they?
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one at the top of each pari of variable regions
two complement-binding sites |
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Normal baby is born with an enourmous number of different clones of B cells populating his or her????What areas?
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Bone marrow
lymph nodes spleen |
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What are the classes of antibodies?
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M
G A E D |
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These antibodies the are immature B cells synthesize and insert their plamsa membranes.
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IgM
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The most abundant ciruclating antibody, one that normalyy makes up about 75% of all the antibodies in the blood?
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IgG
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This antibody is the major class that presents in the mucous membrane of the body, in saliva and tears?
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IgA
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Although minor, can produce major harmful effects, such as those associated with allergies
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IgE
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Presented in the blood in very small amounts, and its precise fucntion is yet unknown?
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IgD
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Is a component of blood plasma that consist of 20 protein compounds.
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Complement
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One of the more spectacular results of complement cascade is the formation of what?
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MACs or membran attack complexes
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What is the name for complementing of a cell by drilling a hole thorugh the foreign cell's surface membrane, allowing ions and water to rush in thoroght MAC?
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Cytolysis
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Complement protein 3 (C3) can become activted without any stimulation by what?
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Antigen
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C3 normally inactived enzyme, but it can prduce the full complement effect if it binds to bacteria or viuses in the presence of what protein?
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Properdin
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What is Natural Active immunity (exposure)
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A child develops measles and acquries an immunity to a subsquent infection
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Natural Passive Immunity?
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Fetus receives protection for the mother thorough placenta, or infant receives protection through mother's milk
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Artifical Active Immunity?
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Injection of the causative agent is deliberate
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Artifical Passive Immunity?
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Injection of protective materal (antibodies) that was developed by another indiviuals immune system
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Which one last longer, Active or Passive immunity?
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Active
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Artifical, or deliberate exposure to protentially harmful antigens is called?
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immunzations
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Which immunity provides immediate protection even if its temporary?
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Passive immunity
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