Ch. 21

Front 1

Two intrinsic systems

Back 1

- Innate (nonspecific) defense system

- adaptive (specific) defense system

Front 2

Two lines of defense in the Innate defense.

Back 2

1. Surface Barriers

(skin and mucous membranes)

2. Internal defenses

(Antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, NK cells, inflammatory response, fever)

Front 3

The third line of defense that attacks particular foreign substances.

Back 3

Adaptive (specific) defense system

Front 4

T or F

Innate and adaptive defense systems are deeply interwined.

Back 4

True

Front 5

What are protective chemicals of the Innate defense system.

Back 5

- Acid (skin and stomach mucosa)

- Lipids in sebum

- Dermicidin in sweat

- Mucus and secretions

- Lysosomes of saliva

Front 6

T or F

Macrophages are Monocytes found in the blood.

Back 6

False, Monocytes are found in the tissue

Front 7

* What are the types of macrophages?

Back 7

- Free macrophages

( wander though tissue space)

- Fixed macrophages

(Permanent in organs)

Front 8

Become phagocytic on encountering infectious material.

Back 8

Neutrophils

Front 9

What are the steps to phagocytosis.

Back 9

1. Adherence to pathogen

2. Destruction of pathogen

Front 10

* Opsonization

Back 10

Coating the pathogen with something that allows adherence.

Front 11

* Opsonins used to achieve Opsonization.

Back 11

1. Complement proteins

2. Antibodies

Front 12

How are pathogens destroyed?

Back 12

- lysosomal enzymes

-Respiratory Bursts

- oxidizing chemicals

- defensins (in neutrophils)

Front 13

Respiratory Bursts promote pathogen killing by:

Back 13

- releasing cell-killing free radicals

- activating additional enzymes

Front 14

Large granular lymphocytes

Back 14

Natural killer cells (NK)

Front 15

T or F

NK cells are target cells that contain "self" cell-surface receptors (MHC)

Back 15

False, NK cells do not have MHC

Front 16

Natural killer cells induce apoptosis in _____ and ____ cells.

Back 16

Cancer cells and virus infected cells

Front 17

T or f

Natural killer cells secrete potent chemicals that enhance inflammatory response.

Back 17

True,

(Inflammation brings more cells to fight)

Front 18

T or f

Inflammatory response disposes of cell debris and pathogens

Back 18

True

Front 19

Prevents the spread of damaging agents

Back 19

Inflammatory response

Front 20

Cardinal signs of acute inflammation

Back 20

Redness

Heat

Swelling

Pain

Impairment of function

Front 21

Toll Like Receptors (TLR)

Back 21

TLRs recognize specific classes of infecting microbes (PAMPS)

Front 22

PAMPS are made of

Back 22

Lipids, proteins, sugars, and carbs

Front 23

What chemicals cause inflammation?

Back 23

- histamine

- Kinins

- Prostaglandins

- Leukotrienes

- Complement

(The above are released by injured tissue, phagocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, and mast cells)

Front 24

Cells that use toll like receptors:

Back 24

Macrophages

Boundary cells of GI tract and respiratory tract

Front 25

When activated, TLRs release the inflammatory chemical called __________, which promotes inflammation.

Back 25

Cytokines

Front 26

What do inflammatory chemicals cause ?

Back 26

- Dilation of arterioles (hyperemia)

- Increased permeability of local capillaries

- edema (leakage of exudate)

Front 27

Fluid leaving the capillaries, that contains clotting factors, proteins, and antibodies

Back 27

Exudate

Front 28

* T or F

Mast cells and basophils can cause the release of histamine.

Back 28

True.

Front 29

* T or F

Mast cells are in the blood

Back 29

False

mast cells are in tissues other than blood

Front 30

* T or F

Basophils are in tissues other than blood

Back 30

False

basophils are in the blood

Front 31

Exudate moves foreign material into ______. For what?

Back 31

Lymphatic vessels, to deliver clotting proteins

Front 32

** What are three cells found in the lymph nodes

Back 32

Macrophages

T cells

B cells

Front 33

** What are the steps for phagocyte mobilization?

Back 33

1. Leukocytosis

2. Margination

3. Diapedesis of neutrophils

4. Chemotaxis

Front 34

* Leukocytosis

Back 34

Step 1

When Neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow

Front 35

Where do neutrophils come from?

Back 35

Bone marrow

Front 36

When neutrophils stick to wall near site of injury (capillary wall)

Back 36

Step 2

Margination

Front 37

* What is the name of the chemical that allows for margination to occur

Back 37

Cell adhesion molecule

Front 38

Diapedesis

Back 38

Step 3

When neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries

Front 39

neutrophils follows chemical trail.

Back 39

Step 4

Chemotaxis

Front 40

Name the Antimicrobial proteins of the Innate defense system.

Back 40

1. Interferons

2. Complement

Front 41

Viral infected cells secrete _____.

Back 41

Interferons (IFNs)

Front 42

T or F

Interferons act on same cell, this is called autoccrine.

Back 42

False, interferons act on nearby cells (paracrine) by warning them about an infection.

Front 43

What do interferons make?

Back 43

Antiviral proteins that block viral reproduction.

Front 44

IFNs: what do these cells make? Match

- lymphocytes ______

- other WBC ______

- fibroblasts ______

a. Beta

b. Alpha

c. Gamma

Back 44

Lymphocytes = Gamma

WBC = alpha

Fibroblasts = beta

Front 45

What are the functions of interferons??

Back 45

Anti-Viral

Reduce inflammation

Activate macrophages

Mobilize NK cells

Front 46

Complement proteins are blood proteins produced in the _______.

Back 46

Liver

Front 47

Stabbing of bacteria and destroying the membrane of the cell is called_____.

Back 47

Lysis

Front 48

Complement proteins destroy foreign substances through ______.

Back 48

Lysis

Front 49

Amplifies all aspects of the inflammatory response.

Back 49

Complement proteins

Front 50

_____ are chemicals secreted by macrophages that cause fever.

Back 50

Pyrogens

Front 51

High fevers are dangerous, because heat does what to enzymes?

Back 51

Denatures proteins

Front 52

What are the benefits of moderate fever?

Back 52

1. Causes liver and spleen to isolate iron and zinc. (Harder for bacteria to grow)

2. Increases metabolic rate, which speeds up repair

Front 53

What are the functions of the adaptive immune specific defense system

Back 53

- Protects against infectious agents and abnormal body cells

- Amplifies inflammatory response

- Activates complement

Front 54

T or F

The Adaptive immune response is specific, systemic, and has memory

Back 54

True

Front 55

Name the two types of adaptive defenses

Back 55

Humoral immunity (B cells)

Cellular immunity (T cells)

Front 56

Antibody generating

Back 56

Antigens

(The bacteria is making you make antibodies)

Front 57

T or F

Antigens are substances that mobilize the adaptive defenses and provoke immune response

Back 57

True

Front 58

Two types of antigens.

Back 58

1. Complete antigens

2. Incomplete antigens

Front 59

** Important properties of Complete antigens;

Back 59

- immunogenicity: ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes & antibodies.

- Reactivity: ability to react with products of activated lymphocytes & antibodies

Front 60

What are these examples of?

Foreign protein, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Back 60

Complete antigens

Front 61

Haptens

Back 61

Incomplete antigens

Front 62

T or F

Peptides and nucleic acids are both examples of haptens.

Back 62

False,

Examples of Haptens:

Poison Ivy, animal dander, detergents, and cosmetics

Front 63

When are Haptens immunogenic? When are they not immunogenic?

Back 63

- Immunogenic = when attached to body proteins

- not immunogenic = by themselves

(They aren't going to cause your body to response)

Front 64

Certain parts of an entire antigen that are immunogenic.

(Aka determines how your body responses)

Back 64

Antigenic determinants

Front 65

What binds to Antigenic determinants ?

Back 65

Antibodies and lymphocyte receptors

Front 66

* Epitopes

Back 66

Another word for antigenic determinants

Front 67

Most antigens have many antigenic determinant that do what?

Back 67

- mobilize several different lymphocyte population

- form different kinds of antibodies against it

Front 68

Why do large chemically simple molecules like plastics, have little or no immunogenicity?

Back 68

Because the substances are not seen as foreign or rejected by the body

Front 69

Proteins that identify a cell as "self" and not antigenic or a "threat"

Back 69

MHC proteins

( major histocompatibility complex)

Front 70

Antigenic to others in transfusions or grafts.

Back 70

MHC Proteins

Front 71

Displays Internal "self" proteins

Back 71

Class I MHC proteins

Front 72

Displays external proteins of specific cell

Back 72

Class II MHC proteins

Front 73

What are small molecules that are not immunogenic by themselves

Back 73

Peptides, nucleotides, and hormones

Front 74

Give examples of chemicals that act as immunogenic haptens when attached to body proteins

Back 74

Poison Ivy

Animal dander

Detergents

Cosmetics

Front 75

What are the antigen presenting cells (APC) that use Class II (MHC protein)?

Back 75

B cells

Dendritic cells

Macrophages

Front 76

How do macrophages detect a pathogen?

Back 76

Toll-like receptors (TLR)

Front 77

What are the cells of the adaptive immune system?

Back 77

Lymphocytes

and

antigen presenting cells (APC)

Front 78

What kind of cells are involved in humoral immunity?

Back 78

B cells

Front 79

What kind of cells are involved in cell mediated immunity?

Back 79

T cells

Front 80

Cells that do not respond to specific antigens and perform auxiliary roles in immunity are called ______________.

Back 80

Antigen presenting cells ( APC )

Front 81

T or F

B cells and T cells mature in the red bone marrow.

Back 81

False,

B cells and T cells both originate in the bone marrow, but only B cells mature in the bone marrow, because T cells mature in the thymus.

Front 82

When lymphocytes mature, they have;

A. Immunocompetence

B. Reactivity

C. Self-tolerance

D. Differentiation

E. None of the above

Back 82

A. Immunocompetence

And

C. Self-tolerance

Front 83

T or F

Matured, but naive lymphocytes are exported to the thymus, lymph node, and spleen.

Back 83

False, exported to lymph node and spleen.

Front 84

When select T CELLS are capable of binding to self MHC protein

Back 84

Positive selection

Front 85

When select T CELLS are capable of binding to self MHC proteins, but not to self-antigen.

Back 85

Negative selection

Front 86

T or F

A T-cell that is able to bind to self-MHC proteins results in apoptosis.

Back 86

False,

T cells that fail to recognize self MHC results in apoptosis.

Front 87

How do T cells pass positive selection?

Back 87

If the T cell is capable of binding to self MHC protein

Front 88

What does negative selection ensure?

Back 88

Self tolerance.

.

( Not attacking body's own proteins and self antigen)

Front 89

When T-cells fail to recognize self antigens displayed by self-MHC.

Back 89

Negative selection

Front 90

T or F

T cells that bind to self antigens displayed by self-MHC undergo apoptosis

Back 90

True

Front 91

How do T cells Pass negative selection ?

Back 91

When T cells bind to MHC protein and NOT to self-antigen.

Front 92

What are the two types of T cells

Back 92

1. CD4

(Helper T cells & regulatory T cells)

2. CD8

(Cytotoxic T cells)

Front 93

* ______ helps promotes immune response.

Back 93

Helper T cells

Front 94

* Regulatory T cells

Back 94

Dampen immune response

(slow down immune response)

Front 95

T or F

CD4 and CD8 T cells both have memory cells.

Back 95

True

Front 96

Cells that directly destroy cells, so they look for MHC class I

Back 96

CD8- cytotoxic T cells

Front 97

Cells that look for MHC class II

Back 97

CD4- Helper T cells and regulatory T cells

Front 98

How are B cells eliminated?

Back 98

By apoptosis

Front 99

Cells that undergo receptor editing.

Back 99

B CELLS

Front 100

Receptor editing

Back 100

When B cells rearrange their receptors

Front 101

What happens to B cells if they escape the bone marrow?

Back 101

They are inactivated

Front 102

T or F

T cells determine which foreign substances the immune system will recognize or resist

Back 102

False, genes

Front 103

What are the antigen presenting cells

Back 103

Dendritic cells

macrophages

B cells

Front 104

Cells that internalize pathogens they grab into the lymphatics and then present the antigens to T cells.

Back 104

Dendritic cells

Front 105

* What are the two major spots where immune response begin?

Back 105

Spleen and lymph node

Front 106

Activated t cells release chemicals that make macrophages turn into _____ and secrete bactericidal chemicals.

A. Phagocytes

B. Antigens

C. Somatic recombinant

D. Insatiable phagocytes

Back 106

D. Insatiable phagocytes

Front 107

How does adaptive immunity identify and destroy nonself substances?

Back 107

By using lymphocytes, APC's, and specific molecules

Front 108

What kind of response would an antigen provoked if the lymphocyte is a b-cell

Back 108

Humoral immunity response

( antibodies)

Front 109

What are the functions of secreted antibodies

Back 109

Circulate in blood or lymph

Bind to free antigens

Mark the antigen for destruction

Front 110

What happened to clone cells that do not become plasma cells?

Back 110

They stay in reserve and become memory cells

(Immunological memory)

Front 111

primary immune response

Back 111

- Occurs on the first exposure to a specific antigen

- plasma antibody peak late and decline in 10 days.

Front 112

Clonal selection

Back 112

1. B cells are activated when antigen binds to its surface

2. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of antigen-receptor complexes occur

3. Stimulated B cell grows to form a clone of identical cells

Front 113

secondary immune response

Back 113

- Occurs on re-exposure to the same antigen.

- memory cells respond within hours

- antibodies bind with a grater affinity

- Antibody level remain high

Front 114

Name the two types of active humoral immunity.

Back 114

1. Naturally acquired

(infection)

2. Artificially acquired

(Vaccine)

Front 115

T or F

Vaccines provide antigenic determinant that are immunogenic and reactive

Back 115

True

Front 116

What happens during passive humoral immunity

Back 116

- B cells are not challenged by antigens

- immunological memory does not occur

Front 117

Name the two types of passive humoral immunity

Back 117

1. Naturally acquired

(antibody from mother- placenta)

2. Artificially acquired

( injection)

Front 118

Immunity acquired through injection of serum, like Gamma globulin.

Back 118

Passive artificially acquired

Front 119

T or F

Active artificially acquired immunity gives immediate protection but ends when antibodies naturally degrade in the body

Back 119

False, passive artificially acquired immunity

Front 120

Produced by plasma cells

Back 120

Antibodies

Front 121

What are the five classes of antibodies?

Back 121

IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE

(MADGE)

Front 122

When your B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them

Back 122

Active humoral immunity

Front 123

HIV destroys ______ cells and targets ____ cells and their surface proteins.

Back 123

Helper T cells

CD4 cells

Front 124

When immune system attacks self cells

Back 124

Autoimmune diseases

Front 125

Examples of autoimmune diseases

Back 125

Rheumatoid arthritis

MS

Type 1 diabetes

Front 126

Variable región of antibodies

Back 126

Specific to certain pathogens

Front 127

Constant regions of antibody

Back 127

Control the class (MADGE)

Front 128

Antibody secreted in response to active humoral situation like vaccines.

Back 128

IgM

Front 129

T or F

IgG exists in monomer and pentagram forms.

Back 129

False

(IgM)

Front 130

Which of the following is not true of an IgM antibody:

A. Potent agglutinator

B. Helps activate complement proteins

C. Indicates recent infection

D. None of the above

Back 130

D. None of the above

These are all true of an IgM

Front 131

Secretory antibody known as the dimer.

Back 131

IgA

Front 132

Function of IgA antibody.

Back 132

Inhibits pathogen binding to epithelial cells

Front 133

T or F

IgD is a monomer antibody found on the B cell surface.

Back 133

True

Front 134

T or F

Both IgM and IgD function as a B cell antigen receptor

Back 134

True

Front 135

Main antibody of immune response that is most abundant in plasma and crosses the placenta.

Back 135

IgG

Front 136

Monomer, pentamer, or dimer??

IgM ____

IgA ____

IgD ____

IgG ____

IgE _____

Back 136

IgM - pentamer or monomer

IgA- dimer

IgD - monomer

IgG - monomer

IgE - monomer

Front 137

IgE

Back 137

- Binds to the surface of basophils or mast cells

- causes histamine release

- mediate inflammation

- increases during allergic reaction

- found in blood

Front 138

Neutralization

Back 138

Antibodies block specific binding sites on pathogens

Front 139

Cross-linking of infected cells also called clumping

Back 139

Agglutination

Front 140

Precipitation

Back 140

Pathogens become insoluble and fall out of solution

Front 141

When antibodies are opening sites on the pathogen so complement proteins can poke a hole

Back 141

Complement fixation

Front 142

The deficiency of antibodies

Back 142

Agammaglobulinemia

Front 143

Symptoms of agammaglobulinemia

Back 143

Sick all the time

Front 144

Tests for agammaglobulinemia

Back 144

Blood tests looking for low circulating B-cells

Front 145

Treatments for agammaglobulinemia

Back 145

Antibodies injection

Front 146

T or F

Immunoglobulin class switching deficiency cannot lead to agammaglobulinemia.

Back 146

False, it can

Front 147

The inability of antibodies to switch classes

Back 147

Immunoglobulin class switching deficiency

Front 148

Monoclonal

Back 148

From hybridoma.

(Fused tumor cells and B cells)

(Results in 1 type of antibody)

Front 149

Polyclonal

Back 149

From animal.

Inject rabbit and harvest antibodies

(Many types of antibodies)

Front 150

PCNA

Back 150

Proliferating cellular nuclear antigen.

Protein-coding Gene used in research through immunocytochemistry.