Ch 20 Endocrine System

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Endocrine system

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Controls body process via chemical substance. Most of these chemicals are secreted in the glands.

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Hormone (def)

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To excite or spur on. Are chemical messengers that unlock, initiate, speed up or slow down, and or cordinate body activities.

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Endocrinology

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Speciality that studies the endocrine glands, their secretion, and related disorders.

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Exocrine glands

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Secrete special substance Into ducts that open to body's external or internal surfaces.

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Exocrine glands

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Secrete into ducts; Include

sweat G,

mammy G,

mucous membrane,

Salivary G, and

lacrimal (tear) G.

Secretion is for protective, or functional purposes.

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Endocrine glands

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Ductless glands, secrete hormones directly into blood stream. Secretion functions are for regulation

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Endocrine system (functions)

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Growth - regulates growth, maturarion, & body's response to stress.

Metabolism - regulates metabolism, absorption of nutrients, use of glucose, and maintains pH by fluid and electrolyte concentration.

Reproduction- produces sexual characteristics, controls reproductive and birth processes, activates lactation, influence sexual response.

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Pituitary glands

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AKA hypophysis, (size of pea), located at base of brain, is important for controlling growth and development and functioning of other endocrine glands

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Hypothalamus

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Consider master control. Specialize cells here release hormones to either inhibit release or promote release of other hormones.

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Adenohypophysis

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AKA anterior lobe of the pituitary, release hormones, mainly glycoprotein ( carbs and protien). Controlled by hypothalamus.

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Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

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Causes the release of adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH)

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ACTH

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Stimulate the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoid and androgen, which are vital in metabolizing carbohydrates.

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Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

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Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and secrete thyroxine (T4) & triiodothryronine (T3)

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Human Growth hormone (hGH)

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Produced by somatotropic, & released by anterior pituitary. It stimulates growth & cell reproduction in all tissues.

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Gonadotropin release hormone (GnRH)

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Secreted in neuroendocrine cells of preoptic area causes anterior pituitary to secrete 2 hormones, called gonadotropin

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Gonadotropin

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Stimulates sex glands. Composed of follicle stimulate hormone (FSH)

And luteinizing hormone (LH)

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Follicle stimulate hormone

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Stimulates both growth and secretion of ovarian follicles , and sperm production

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Luteinizing hormone

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Stimulates ovulation & formation of corpus luteum, and production of testosterone.

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Prolactin (PRL)

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Stimulates milk production after pregnancy. Secreted in anterior lobe of pituitary.

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Middle lobe

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The most important hormone secreted by middle lobe is Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) which influences skin pigmentation.

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Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe pituitary)

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Hormones not made here, only stored and releases here, include oxytocin & vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone.

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Oxytocin

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Stimulate uterus to contract during delivery and keep it contracted after (to prevent hemorrhage). Also to release milk.

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Vasopressin (ADH)

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Stimulates contraction of blood vessels to raise BP, affects uterus, influence reabsoption of water by kidneys.

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Thyroid gland

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Largest endocrine gland. Epithelial cells of gland secrete 2 hormones, thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3)

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T4 and T3

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Regulate metabolism, controlling rate at which cells do work.

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Calcitonin

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Hormone secreted by parafollicular cells, it's involved in maintenence of bodies calcium levels.

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Parathyroid

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Chief cells of parathyroid secrete parathormone (PTH) which regulates amount of calcium & phosphorus in blood.

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Adrenal glands

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On top of kidneys, and have 2 parts that produce different hormones

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Adrenal medulla

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Central part of adrenal gland, produce epinephrine and norepinephrine

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Epinephrine

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Consist of about 80% of medulla total secretion, it makes heart beat faster, contract blood vessels, raise BP.

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Fight or flight

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Epinephrine and norepinephrine are major catecholamines that are involved in this.

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Dopamine

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Also increase heart rate & BP.

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Enkephalins

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Help to regulate pain.

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Adrenal cortex

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Secretes corticosteroids. There are 3 types; mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoid, and sex hormones.

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Mineralocorticoids

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Regulate amount of electrolytes in body. Aldosterone most important due to help in increase blood volume.

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Glucocorticoids

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Influence in synthesis of glucose, amino acids, and fat during metabolism. Depress immune system, and decrease inflammatory response.

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Pineal gland

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At top portion of brains third ventricle, produces melatonin which is an antioxidant and helps maintain sleep wake cycle.

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Gonads

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Glands of reproduction; testes or orvaries

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Ovaries

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Produce estrogen & progesterone which are responsible for regulating female sex characteristic and menstruation

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Pancreas

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Lies behind stomach, both exorcine & endocrine gland. As exo, releases digestive enzymes into duct to Small intestine

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Pancreas (endo)

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Exist on 1-2 million small island called islets. Islet of Langerhans are specialized cells that secrete pancreatic juices. Cells are alpha, beta, delta & F cells.

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Pancreas endo hormones

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Hormones secreted are glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, & pancreatic polypeptide.

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Glucagon

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Acts in opposition to insulin. Needed to break down. Glycogen into glucose. Glucagon raise Blood sugar, insulin lower blood sugar.

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Type 1 diabetes

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Both insulin and amylin are not secreted

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Type 2 diabetes

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Both hormones are produced in insufficient amounts

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Thymus

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Lies behind sternum, produces thymosin, which stimulates production of T cells.

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Human chorionic gonadotropin

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(HCG) elevated presence is tested for pregancy.

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Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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Produced in atrium, helps maintain fluid homeostasis and to regulate blood pressure.

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Leukotrienes

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Hormones involved in body's inflammatory process.

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Prostaglandin

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Not hormones, cause pain, role in platelet function, and stimulate contraction and relax of smooth muscle.

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Negative feedback

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Signals the controller to correct a deviation from normal.

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Effect of aging

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Endocrine disorders .

Unregulated release of hormones

Inappropriate response to hormone

Damage to glands

Hypo or hyper function of glands

Malignancy