Ch 20 Behavioral Chains And Rate Contingencies

Front 1

What did Dawn do for Nancy?

Back 1

Did a task analysis of walking. She had her do a behavioral chain (stimulus-response chain)

Front 2

What does Malott say about passion?

Back 2

If you are going to accomplish much of significance, you have to be passionate.

Front 3

Behavioral chain

Back 3

-A sequence of stimuli or responses.
-Each response produces a change in the environment that
-acts as a discriminative stimulus
-or operandum
-for the next response.

Front 4

What were two examples of behavioral chains?

Back 4

Mashed potatoes and Rudolph and the dot on the wall with the chain.

Front 5

What two functions does a stimulus resulting from one response serve in a behavioral chain?

Back 5

1) Acts as an S^D for the next response
2) Acts as an S^r (learned reinforcer) for the response that produced it

Front 6

Dual-functioning chained stimuli

Back 6

-A stimulus in a behavioral chain
-reinforces the response that precedes it.
-That stimulus also acts as an S^D or operandum for the response that follows it.

Front 7

Car example

Back 7

S^D: hand on key in ignition
Behavior: Turn key --> S^r/S^D: car running
Behavior: put car in gear

Front 8

Two examples of forward chaining

Back 8

Dawn used forward chaining with Nancy.

Mahoney used forward chaining in toilet training

Front 9

Forward chaining

Back 9

-The establishment of the first link in a behavioral chain,
-with the addition of successive links,
-until the final link is acquired.

Front 10

How did Wilson use forward chaining to help handicapped persons dine?

Back 10

Did a task analysis of dining and found 3 major sequences (premeal, meal, postmeal).

Used various levels of prompts to reinforce the first link in the pre-meal chain, etc

Front 11

How did Horner use total-task presentation to teach kids how to brush their teeth?

Back 11

Task analysis broke down brushing into 15 components.

Instructor would ask a student to do a response in a link;
if they couldn't, the instructor would model the response and verbally instruct;
if that didn't work, the instructor would physically guide and verbally instruct

Front 12

Total-task presentation:

Back 12

-The simultaneous training of
-all links in a behavioral chain.

Front 13

Backward chaining

Back 13

-The establishment of the final link in a behavioral chain,
-with the addition of preceding links
-until the first link is acquired

Front 14

What type of problems can students benefit from backward chaining in?

Back 14

Math problems

Front 15

What are the three major ways of establishing behavioral chains?

Back 15

-Forward chaining
-Total-task presentation
-Backward chaining

Front 16

How was backward training used to teach someone how to put on pants?

Back 16

Started with trousers pulled almost all the way up;
S^D: pull up your pants

Continued with decreasing levels of pants upedness until the pants were on the floor

Front 17

How did Max use backward chaining to teach Jimmy how to eat with a spoon?

Back 17

Used physical guidance and started with a spoon full of applesauce near Jimmy's mouth, all the way back to Jimmy doing the whole chain by himself

Front 18

What was Jimmy's problem with eating?

Back 18

He ate too fast and was messy;

he ate so fast he threw up meals

Front 19

What did Max use to slow down Jimmy's eating?

Back 19

Differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL);

he extinguished rapid eating (less than 2 seconds between bites) and reinforced slower eating (waiting at least 2 seconds between bites)

Front 20

Differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL)

Back 20

-Reinforcement
-for each response following the preceding response
-by at least some minimum delay

Front 21

What was wrong with Satoru?

Back 21

He was extremely disruptive in class

Front 22

How did Sue deal with Satoru?

Back 22

Differential punishment of high rate

She gave him a star for every 2 minutes he didn't disrupt;

each star meant 1 minute of recess;

if he disrupted, she reset the timer to 0 and started a new 2 minute interval;

eventually she increased the criterion to no more than one disruption every 3 minutes

Front 23

What should you remember to do with differential reinforcement of low rates?

Back 23

"Remember to keep your eye on the donut and not on the hole"

Front 24

Why wasn't Sue's procedure a differential reinforcement of a low rate?

Back 24

If she had been reinforcing responding at a low rate, she would have required him to disrupt before she gave him a star

Front 25

What was the dead student test?

Back 25

If Sue hadn't noticed that Satoru had died, she would keep putting stars on his paper because he wasn't disrupting

Front 26

Differential punishment of high rates

Back 26

-The presentation of an aversive condition
-or the loss or prevention of a reinforcer occurs
-for each response that follows the preceding response
-by less than some minimum delay

Front 27

When are punishment contingencies used?

Back 27

As a last resort; when the patient's right to effective treatment requires it

Front 28

What are the pros of the punishment contingency?

Back 28

-Effective
-Immediate
-Can combat built-in outcomes

Front 29

What are the cons of the punishment contingency?

Back 29

-People object
-Temporary effects
-Doesn't address cause of problem
-Requires much supervision
-May produce aggression
-Aversiveness may generalize
-May be time consuming
-Presumed aversive condition may be a reinforcer

Front 30

What is a penalty contingency?

Back 30

Punishment based on withdrawal of a reinforcer contingent on the occurrence of the undesirable behavior;

includes time-out (loss of access to a reinforcer for a period of time)

Front 31

WHat are the Pros of the penalty contingency?

Back 31

-More socially acceptable than punishment
-Often easy to use
-Reliable
-Quick

Front 32

What are the cons of the penalty contingency?

Back 32

-Cooperation can be a problem
-Must have reinforcing environment
-Some object

Front 33

What is punishment by prevention? (Differential reinforcement of other behavior)

Back 33

A response prevents the fairly immediate presentation of a reinforcer

Front 34

What are the pros of punishment by prevention?

Back 34

-More socially acceptable
-Effective

Front 35

What are the cons of punishment by prevention?

Back 35

-Hard to do
-Requires skilled staff
-Effortful and time consuming

Front 36

PROS of Differential punishment of high rate

Back 36

-More socially acceptable than procedures with presentations of aversive stimuli

Front 37

CONS of differential punishment of high rate

Back 37

-Won't completely eliminate problem behaviors
-Other procedures better (can use a simple penalty contingency)

Front 38

What could Sue have done with Satoru instead of differential punishment of high rate?

Back 38

She could have used a penalty contingency and given him 15 stars, removing one every time he disrupted

Front 39

PROS of extinction

Back 39

-more socially acceptable
-effective
-not effortful

Front 40

CONS of extinction

Back 40

-hard to find and control the reinforcer
-hard to ignore problem behaviors
-may come under stimulus control
-may have extinction bursts

Front 41

PROS of Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate

Back 41

-more socially acceptable
-won't completely eliminate response

Front 42

CONS of differential reinforcement of low rates

Back 42

-won't completely eliminate response

Front 43

When should you use differential reinforcement of low rates?

Back 43

Works in cases where behavior produces reinforcers that are so powerful that the rate is unacceptably high

Front 44

PROS of Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior

Back 44

-more socially acceptable
-natural environment may maintain it

Front 45

CONS of differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior

Back 45

-need a powerful alternative reinforcer
-may only be moderately effective

Front 46

What is differential reinforcement of alternative behavior?

Back 46

the replacement of inappropriate responses with a specific appropriate response that produces the same reinforcing outcome:

-the removal or reduction of an aversive condition or
-the presentation of a reinforcing condition

Front 47

What are the PROS of DRA?

Back 47

-more socially acceptable
-addresses the cause of the problem

Front 48

CONS of DRA

Back 48

-Hard to apply

Front 49

Establishing operation

Back 49

a procedure that affects learning and performance with respect to a particular reinforcer or aversive condition

Front 50

PROS of E.O.

Back 50

-more socially acceptable
-improves quality of life of participant
-addresses the cause of the problem

Front 51

CONS of E.O.

Back 51

-May be difficult to do
-May not be completely effective