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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System
Bacterial Meningitis Signs and symptoms Sudden high fever and severe meningeal inflammation Inflamed ______ meninges – intense headache, vomiting, pain, light sensitivity Inflamed _______ meninges – stiff neck, altered muscle control, back spasms |
cranial, spinal
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Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System
Encephalitis Infection of the ______, or, can result in behavioral changes, coma, and death All may develop rapidly (hours to days) |
brain
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Bacterial Meningitis
________ _________ – leading cause in adults, especially elderly. Prevented by _______® vaccine -Treated with ________ |
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pneumovax penicillin |
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Bacterial Meningitis
___________ __________ – prevalent in adolescents and young adults Transmission – droplets/fomites in ______ environment. Infection may lead to subcutaneous ________ and tissue necrosis of limbs. Treatment- Post-exposure- penicillin G, immunization, chloramphenicol. Pre-exposure- ________® (MCV4) and ________® (MPSV4)vaccines |
Neisseria meningitidis, overcrowded, hemorrhages
Menactra, Menomune |
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Bacterial Meningitis
___________ ________ – leading cause in children prior to vaccine Transmission- droplets/fomites Prevention- __ vaccines Treatment- ___________ or ceftriaxone |
Haemophilus influenzae, Hib, Chloramphenicol
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Bacterial Meningitis
_________ ___________ – disease in fetuses, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals Transmission- undercooked ____________ frankfurters, milk and some vegetables. Treatment- _________ and /orTMZ |
Listeria monocytogenes, meats, cold cuts, Ampicilin
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__________ ___________ (Group B)– causes most cases of newborn meningitis
present in ________ tract Listeria transmitted via contaminated ______ Other species transmitted via respiratory droplets Epidemiology S. pneumoniae present in throat of 75% of humans without causing harm Not spread by casual contact Meningococcal meningitis is the only form that becomes epidemic |
Streptococcus agalactiae, vaginal, food
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Bacterial Meningitis
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention Diagnosis made based on symptoms and culturing of bacteria from ___ from a spinal tap Treat ment- Vaccines available for S._________, H. __________ type b, and N. meningitidis |
CSF, pneumoniae, influenzae
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Bacterial Meningitis
Individuals at risk for listeriosis should avoid high-risk foods (milk, cheeses, undercooked meat). ___/____ antibiotics |
Penicillin/Ampicillin
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Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System
Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy) Signs and symptoms manifest in two forms – nonprogressive = |
Tuberculoid leprosy
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Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System
Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy) progressive tissue destruction= |
Lepromatous leprosy
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Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System
Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy) ____________ _________ is the causative agent Gram-_________ bacillus with _________ acid in cell wall |
Mycobacterium leprae, positive, mycolic
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Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System
Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy) Pathogenesis M. leprae grows best in _________ regions of the body Long-term infection leads to loss of sensation, loss of tissue in the extremities and disfigurement |
cooler
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Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)
Epidemiology Transmitted via _________ . Nasal secretions from infected individuals into breaks in skin. Contagion risk is fairly low (less so if routine asepsis is observed). Unsanitary living conditions may exacerbate transmission. |
person-to-person
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Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention Diagnosed based on the signs and symptoms and confirmed by presence of _________rods in samples Treatment with multiple antimicrobials:______, _________ |
acid-fast , Dapsone, rifampin
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Botulism
Symptoms- __________, __________ constipation, flaccid paralysis |
diplopia, dysphagia,
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Botulism
Epidemiology- __________ of C. botulinum will germinate in improperly stored foods, improperly canned foods, honey, anaerobic environments, and high protein medium. Botulinum toxin affects nervous sytem. Toxin is heat labile (inactivated by heating). Toxin is produced within 8-12 hours in foods and takes effect within several hours post-ingestion. |
Endospores
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Botulism
___________ botulism most common form in U.S. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention Three approaches to treatment Washing of intestinal tract to remove Clostridium Administration of __________ __________ _______ (BIG) Treatment with antimicrobial drugs Prevention involves destroying endospores in contaminated food and preventing temperature abuse. |
Infant, botulism immune globulin
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Botulism
Caused by intoxication from ingested _____ |
toxin
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Botulism
________________ – progressive paralysis of all voluntary muscles |
Food-borne botulism
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Botulism
_______________ – bacteria grow in the intestines, producing non-specific symptoms. Associated with ingestion of honey |
Infant botulism
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Botulism
________________ – symptoms like those of food-borne botulism |
Wound botulism
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Botulism
____________ botulinum is the causative agent Different strains produce one of seven neurotoxins |
Clostridium
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Tetanus- “lockjaw”
Symptoms- headaches, fever, irritability, rigid paralysis of muscles (usually clenched jaw) and ___________ in the late stages. Onset- 5-15 days after injury with a ___ or ____ contaminated object. Fatal in at least __% of cases if untreated. |
opisthotonos, soil or fecal, 50
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Tetanus- “lockjaw”
Cause- Germination of ______ _______ endospores in a contaminated penetrating wound and from burns, lacerations, non-sterile syringes. Treatment- _______ anti-toxin (HTIG) administered upon onset of prodrome. Prevention- Immunization with tetanus toxoid (DTAP, DT, TD) every 5-10 years. First aid and wound antisepsis. |
Clostridium tetani, Tetanus
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Viral Meningitis ( “Aseptic meningitis”)
Signs and symptoms Similar to bacterial meningitis Usually _______ than bacterial or fungal meningitis (death is rare).___ day incubation. |
milder, 3-7
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Viral Meningitis ( “Aseptic meningitis”)
Pathogens and virulence factors __% of cases caused by viruses in the genus __________ Other viruses: Echovirus, Herpesvirus, mumps virus, EB virus, Coxsackie virus, echovirus. Pathogenesis: Damage to cells in the _______ triggers meningitis |
90, Enterovirus, meninges
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Viral Meningitis
Epidemiology More common than bacterial and fungal meningitis Spread via ___________ droplets and feces |
respiratory
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Viral Meningitis
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention Characteristic signs and symptoms that occur in the absence of bacteria in the ___ __ __________ treatment exists Prevention- handwashing, avoidance of crowded pools, good hygiene |
CSF, No specific
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Poliomyelitis
Signs and symptoms – four conditions may result ___________ infections – almost 90% of cases ______ polio – nonspecific flu-like symptoms ___________ polio – muscle spasms and back pain _______ polio – produces paralysis in 1% of victims. |
Asymptomatic, Minor, Nonparalytic, Paralytic
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Poliomyelitis
Pathogen and pathogenesis ______ is the causative agent Transmitted most often by drinking contaminated _____ (fecal/oral route) |
Poliovirus, water
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Rabies- Zoonotic infection that may be spread to humans
Symptoms- agitated behavior, hallucinations, muscle spasms and paralysis, copious salivation, aggressive/violent outbursts, hydrophobia. Subjects may also become lethargic, uncoordinated and ___________. |
comatose
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Rabies- Zoonotic infection that may be spread to humans
Pathogen and virulence factors Rabies virus – spread by saliva and body fluids from infected animals Pathogenesis Virus replicates in muscle cells and then moves across neuromuscular junctions into _________ (5-8 week incubation period) Epidemiology Transmitted via bite or scratch from infected animals: skunks, raccoons, bats, foxes, coyotes and unvaccinated dogs and cats. |
neurons,
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Rabies Prevention
Post-exposure prophylaxis of exposed individuals with antibodies (____) and inactivated vaccine and (____). This must be done immediately following bite from a suspect animal. 5-6 doses IM Routine immunization of all domestic dogs and cats Avoidance of contact with wild animals, their body fluids, and carcasses. Control of stray animal populations Vaccination of wild animals with rabies vaccine bait. |
HRIG, HDCV
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Arboviral Encephalitis
___________ are arthropod-borne viruses Transmitted via blood-sucking arthropods (ex. mosquitoes) Mosquito-borne arboviruses cause various types of arboviral encephalitis |
Arboviruses
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Arboviral Encephalitis
As zoonotic diseases they ________ affect humans Arboviruses usually cause mild, cold-like symptoms Arboviruses that cross the blood-brain barrier can cause encephalitis with symptoms similar to ___________ |
rarely, meningitis
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Arboviral Encephalitis
Diagnosis based on signs and symptoms and positive test for antibodies against specific arboviruses in the ___ Treatment is ___________ |
CSF, supportive
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Arboviral Encephalitis
Prevention involves limiting contact with mosquitoes Use netting and insect repellants Reduce mosquito numbers by eliminating stagnant water Vaccines for horses available against ___, WEE, VEE, and WNV |
EEE
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Cryptococcal meningitis
________ meningits- same symptoms as most meningitis syndromes __________ neoformans – pathogenic yeast found in soil enriched with bird/bat droppings |
Fungal, Cryptococcus
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Cryptococcal meningitis
Opportunistic pathogen- risk to __________________ subjects Inhalation of spores begins infection Treatment – ___________ and flucytosine (6-10 wks |
immunocompromised, Amphotericin B
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Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalopathy (PAM) Signs and symptoms Same as for meningitis and encephalitis caused by bacteria, viruses, and _______ |
fungi
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Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System
Pathogen, pathogenesis, and epidemiology Caused by _________ fowlerii Enter host through cuts or scrapes on the skin, the eyelid, or through inhaling stagnant,contaminated water. Prevalent during drought conditions. |
Naegleria
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Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention Drugs have limited success (____________, sulfadizene, tetracycline) Fatality rate __% Prevent by avoiding possibly contaminated water supplies |
miconazole, 90
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Prion Disease
A prion is an infectious |
protein
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Prion Disease
_______ encephalopathies (BSE and CJD) A class of diseases that includes scrapie and mad cow disease Causes lesions in the brains of victims (holes) Humans can contract by eating meat from infected cattle |
Spongiform
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Microbial Diseases of the Eye
Microbial Diseases of the Eye Bacterial infections of the skin and reproductive tract can affect the eyes _______ aegyptius is most common bacterial cause – “pinkeye” ____________ keratitis – inflammation of the cornea by pathogenic amoeba found in stagnant water contaminated contact lens solutions. Affects contact lens users |
Hemophilus, Acanthamoeba
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Microbial Diseases of the Eye
Neonatal ___________ ophthalmia – infection of the conjunctiva and cornea of newborn with Neisseria gonorrhea from infected mother Inclusion ______________ – neonatal infection of conjunctiva with Chlamydia trachomatis |
gonorrheal, Conjunctivitis
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Microbial Diseases of the Eye
__________ – pinkeye and Neisseria/Chlamydia prophylaxis. Ketoconazole – _______ Trfluridine – ___ I infections of the eye |
Gentamycin, Acanthamoeba, HSV
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