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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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recombinant DNA
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a DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources
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genetic engineering
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the direct manipulation of genes for particular purposes
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biotechnology
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the manipulation of living orgs or their components to produce useful products
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gene cloning
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the proudction of multiple copies of a gene
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restriction enzyme
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a degrading enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA (including that of certain phages) that is foreign to a bacterium
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restriction site
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a specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a cut site by a restriction enzyme
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sticky end
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a single stranded end of a double stranded DNA restriction fragment
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DNA ligase
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a linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalenet bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain
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cloning vector
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a agent used to transfer DNA in genetic engineering a plasmid that moves recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell is an ex, as is a virus that transfers recombinant DNA by infection
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nucleic acid probe
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in DNA tech, a labeled single stranded nucleic acid molecule used to tag a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample. Molecules hydrogen bond to the complementary sequence wherever it occurs; radioactive or other labeling of probe allows its location to be detected
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denaturation
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for proteins, a process where a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becomin biologically inactive. For DNA, this seperation of the 2 strands of the double helix
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expression vector
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a cloning vector that contains the requisite prokaraytic promoter just upstream of a restriction site where eukaroytic gene can be inserted
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nucleic acid hybridization
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base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule
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yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC)
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vectors that combine the essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome, an origin for DNA replication, a centromere, and 2 telomeres with foreign DNA
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complementary DNA (cDNA)
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a DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase; corresponding to a gene but lacks introns present in DNA of genome
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electroporation
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technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing cells; electricity creates temp holes in cell's plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter
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genomic library
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a set of thousands of DNA segments from a genome, each carried by a plasmid, phage, or cloning vector
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cDNA library
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the limited gene library using complementary DNA. The library includes only the genes that were transcribed in the cells examined
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PCR 9polymerase chain reaction)
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a technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules and nucleotides
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genomics
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the study of whole sets of genes and their interactions
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gel electrophoresis
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the separation of nuclei acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel
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southern blotting
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a hybridication technique that enables researchers to determine the presence of certain nuclotide sequences in a sample of DNA
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restriction fragment and length polymorphisms (RFLP)
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differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different pattersn of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes) useful genetic markers for making linkage maps
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human genome project
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an international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome
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chromosome walking
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a DNA mapping technique that begins with a gene on other sequence that has already been cloned, mapped, and sequenced and walks along the chromosomal DNA from that locus, producins a map of overlapping restriction fragments
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bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)
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an artificial version of a bacterial chromosome that can carry inserts of 100,000-500,000 base pairs
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DNA microarray assays
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a method to detect and measure the expression of 1000s of genes at 1 time. tiny amounts o fa large number of single stranded DNA fragments representing different gnes are fixed to a glass slide, these fragments, ideally representing all the genes of an org, are tested for hybridization with various samples of cDNA molecules
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in vitro mutagenesis
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a tech to discover the function of a gene by introducing specific changes into the sequence of a cloned gene, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell, and studying the phenotype of the mutant
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RNA interference (RNAi)
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a tech to silence the expression of selected genes in a nonmamalian org. The methods uses synthetic double stranded RNA molecules matching the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene's messenger RNA
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proteomics
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the systematic study of the full protein sets encoded by genomes
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bioinformatics
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the application of computer science and math to genetic and other biological info
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single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPS)
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one base pair variation in the genome sequence
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gene therapy
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the alternation of the gnes of a person afflicted with a genetic disease
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vaccine
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a harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host's immune system ot mount defsense against the pathogen
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DNA fingerprint
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an indiviudal's unique collection of DNA restriction fragments, detected by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes
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simple tandem repeats
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polymorphic genetic loci that are likely to have a different number of repeats in each individual
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transgenic organism
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orgs whose genomes carry genes from other species
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Ti plasmid
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a plasmid of a tumor inducing bacterium that intergrates a segment o fits DNA into the host chromosome of a plant; frequently used as a carrier for genetic engineering of plants
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genetically modified organism (GM)
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an org that has acquired 1 or more genes by artificial means; also known as a transgenic organism
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