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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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damage to an exposed individual |
somatic effects |
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damage to a genetic code of the germ cell contained int he DNA |
genetic effects |
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report that addresses the dose form all sources, to the population of the US |
NCRP #160 |
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natural background radiation contributes what dose and what total percent |
3.11 mSv, 50% |
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medical background radiation contributes what dose amount and what total percent |
3.0 mSv, 48% |
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average effective dose- chest |
.1 mSv |
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average effective dose- C spine |
.2 mSv |
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average effective dose- T spine |
1.0 mSv |
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average effective dose- L spine |
1.5 mSv |
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average effective dose- upper GI |
6.0 mSv |
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average effective dose- Abd (KUB) |
.7 mSv |
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average effective dose- Pelvis and Hip |
.7 mSv |
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average effective dose- extremities |
negligible- .005-.008 mSv |
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two most common tissue interactions in diagnostic radiography |
photoelectric and compton |
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interaction where incoming x-ray strikes a K-shell electron, and energyos x-ray photon is transferred to electron |
photoelectric |
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what interaction is this |
photoelectric |
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photoelectric interactions result in increase what to the patient |
dose |
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what does photoelectric absorption produce in the radiography because of differential absorption |
contrast |
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what is compton interaction also called |
compton scattering, modified scattering |
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contains a recoil electron |
compton scatter |
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incoing x-ray photon strikes loosely bound outer shell electron, photon transfers part of energy to the electon |
compton scatter |
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what is this interaction |
compton effect |
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coherent scatter is also called what |
classical or thompson's scatter |
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atomic electrons are not removed but vibrate because of the deposition of energy from the photon |
coherent |
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produced by low energy x-ray photons |
coherent |
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does not affect image less than 70 kVp |
coherent scatter |
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this interaction does not occur in diagnostic radiography |
pair productions |
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produced at photon energies greater than 1.02 million electron volts |
pair production |
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traditional unit for radiation exposure in air |
Roentgen (R) |
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SI unit for radiation exposure in air |
coulomb/kilogram (C/kg) |
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traditional unit for unit of absorbed dose |
rad |
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1 gray = ________ rads |
100 |
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1 rad= ____ gray |
1/100 |
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what is used to modify the absorbed dose amount to account for the greater damage inflicted by some forms of ionizing radiation |
a radiation weighting factor (Wr) |
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Wr takes what into account |
LET (linear energy transfer) |
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Wr for x-rays and gamma rays = ___ |
1 |
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100 rads of x-rays = ___ rem |
100 |
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Wr for neutrons = ___ |
20 |
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100 rads of neutrons = _____ rem |
2000 rem |
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1 Sievert = ____ rem |
100 rem |
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traditional unit for radioactivity |
Curie 1 curie = 3.7 x 10^10 becquerels |
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SI unit for radioactivity |
Becquerels |
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traditional unit for absorbed dose |
Rad |
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SI unit for absorbed dose |
Gray |
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no level of radiation can be considered safe response occurs at every dose degree of response to exposure is directly prop. to amount of radiation received |
liner- nonthreshold |
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lower doses of exposure, no response is expected response is directly proportional to dose received example: cataractogenesis |
linear- threshold |
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indicated lower doses of radiation exposure, no response is expected response is not directly prop. to the dose received |
nonlinear- threshold |
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indicated that no level of radiation can be considered safe response occurs at every dose response is not directly prop. to the dose received |
nonlinear- nonthreshold |
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occupational exposure- annual effective dose is ____ |
50 mSv / 5 rem |
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occupational exposure- annual equivalent dose determinisitc effects lens of the eye? |
150 mSv |
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occupational exposure- annual equivalent dose determinisitc effects localized areas of skin, hands, feet? |
500mSv |
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how to calculate cumulative effective dose (CEfD) limit |
age (in years) X 10 mSv ( 1 rem) |
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general public- annual effective dose limit for infrequent exposure |
5 mSv / .5 rem |
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general public- annual effective dose limit for frequent exposure |
1 mSv / .1 rem |
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embryo-fetus total equivalent dose for gestation |
5 mSv / .5 rem |
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embryo-fetus dose limit per month |
.5 mSv / .05 rem |
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level of negligible risk |
.01 mSv / 1 mrem per year |
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highly reactive ions that have an unpaired electron in the outer shell |
free radicals |
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H2O2 |
hydrogen peroxide |
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carinogenesis |
causes cancer |
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examples of late somatic effects |
carcinogenesis, cataractogenesis, embryologic effects, thyroid, shortened life span |
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two most common gonadal shields used |
flat contact, shadow shield |
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most diagnostic x-ray exams have fetal doses less than ____ rads |
5 rads |
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what law should always be used during fluoro in which close contact is not required |
inverse square law |
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lead apron shield thickness that MUST be worn? |
.25 mm lead equiv. |
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thyroid shield thickness that SHOULD be worn? |
.5 mm lead equiv |
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lead apron thickness that SHOULD be worn? |
.5 mm lead equiv. |
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monitoring device that uses aluminum oxide to record dose |
OSL |
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monitoring device that has a sensitive exposure of 1 mrem |
OSL |
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monitor device that uses lithium fluoride crystals instead of film to record dose |
TLD |
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monitor device that has a sensitivity to exposure at 5 mrem |
TLD |
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monitor device that uses film used that is similar to dental x-rays and measures doses of 10 mrem |
film badges |
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handheld Ionization chamber measures exposure rates of ____. |
1 mR per hour |
