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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a theory in science?
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an explanation that fits many observations and makes valid predictions
a well-formed theory is falsifiable a good theory helps us make sense of our experience |
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burden of proof
|
the obligation to present evidence to support one's claim
in science, the burden of proof is on anyone who makes a claim that should be demonstable if it is true |
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|
what is a theory in science?
|
an explanation that fits many observations and makes valid predictions
a well-formed theory is falsifiable a good theory helps us make sense of our experience |
|
|
what does the term science mean
|
it comes from a latin word meaning "knowledge"
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what are hypotheses?
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a clear predictive statement
ex. "people who watch violent television programs will act more violently" they can be baes on preliminary observations or on a larger theory, or can emerge from trends in society |
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what are replicable results?
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those that anyone can obtain, at least approximately, by following the same procedures
scientists insist on replicable results |
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the principle of parsimony
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when given a choice among hypotheses or theories that all seem to fit the facts, scientists perfer the one whose assumptions are fewer, simpler or more consistent with other well-established theories
aka occum's razor |
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|
burden of proof
|
the obligation to present evidence to support one's claim
in science, the burden of proof is on anyone who makes a claim that should be demonstable if it is true |
|
|
what are anecdotes?
|
people's reports of isolated events
ex. an amazing coincidence or a hunch that comes true |
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what does the term science mean
|
it comes from a latin word meaning "knowledge"
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what is an operational definition?
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a definition that specifies the operation (or procedures) used to produce or measure something, ordinarily a way to give it a numerical value
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what are hypotheses?
|
a clear predictive statement
ex. "people who watch violent television programs will act more violently" they can be baes on preliminary observations or on a larger theory, or can emerge from trends in society |
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what are naturalistic observation and case studies?
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naturalistic observation- a careful examination of what happens under more or less natural conditions
ex. jane goodall case studies- a thorough description of the person, including the person's ablities and disabilities, medical condition, life history, unusual experiences, or whatever else seems relevant |
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what are replicable results?
|
those that anyone can obtain, at least approximately, by following the same procedures
scientists insist on replicable results |
|
|
what is a correlation?
|
a measure of the relationship between two variables
|
|
|
the principle of parsimony
|
when given a choice among hypotheses or theories that all seem to fit the facts, scientists perfer the one whose assumptions are fewer, simpler or more consistent with other well-established theories
aka occum's razor |
|
|
what is a correlational study?
|
a procedure in which investigators measure the correlation between two variables without controlling either of them
|
|
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what are anecdotes?
|
people's reports of isolated events
ex. an amazing coincidence or a hunch that comes true |
|
|
what is an illusory correlation?
|
an apparent relationship based on casual observations of unrelated or weakly related events
|
|
|
what is an operational definition?
|
a definition that specifies the operation (or procedures) used to produce or measure something, ordinarily a way to give it a numerical value
|
|
|
what is an experiment?
|
a study in which the investigator manipulates at least on variable while measuring at least one other variable
|
|
|
what are naturalistic observation and case studies?
|
naturalistic observation- a careful examination of what happens under more or less natural conditions
ex. jane goodall case studies- a thorough description of the person, including the person's ablities and disabilities, medical condition, life history, unusual experiences, or whatever else seems relevant |
|
|
independent variable
|
the item that an experimenter changes or controls
ex. how much violent TV someone watches the "cause" |
|
|
what is a correlation?
|
a measure of the relationship between two variables
|
|
|
dependent variable
|
the item that an experimenter measures to determine how it was affected
ex. the amount of agressive behavior the "effect" |
|
|
what is a correlational study?
|
a procedure in which investigators measure the correlation between two variables without controlling either of them
|
|
|
what is an illusory correlation?
|
an apparent relationship based on casual observations of unrelated or weakly related events
|
|
|
what is an experiment?
|
a study in which the investigator manipulates at least on variable while measuring at least one other variable
|
|
|
independent variable
|
the item that an experimenter changes or controls
ex. how much violent TV someone watches the "cause" |
|
|
dependent variable
|
the item that an experimenter measures to determine how it was affected
ex. the amount of agressive behavior the "effect" |
|
|
what is a theory in science?
|
an explanation that fits many observations and makes valid predictions
a well-formed theory is falsifiable a good theory helps us make sense of our experience |
|
|
burden of proof
|
the obligation to present evidence to support one's claim
in science, the burden of proof is on anyone who makes a claim that should be demonstable if it is true |
|
|
what does the term science mean
|
it comes from a latin word meaning "knowledge"
|
|
|
what are hypotheses?
|
a clear predictive statement
ex. "people who watch violent television programs will act more violently" they can be baes on preliminary observations or on a larger theory, or can emerge from trends in society |
|
|
what are replicable results?
|
those that anyone can obtain, at least approximately, by following the same procedures
scientists insist on replicable results |
|
|
the principle of parsimony
|
when given a choice among hypotheses or theories that all seem to fit the facts, scientists perfer the one whose assumptions are fewer, simpler or more consistent with other well-established theories
aka occum's razor |
|
|
what are anecdotes?
|
people's reports of isolated events
ex. an amazing coincidence or a hunch that comes true |
|
|
what is an operational definition?
|
a definition that specifies the operation (or procedures) used to produce or measure something, ordinarily a way to give it a numerical value
|
|
|
what are naturalistic observation and case studies?
|
naturalistic observation- a careful examination of what happens under more or less natural conditions
ex. jane goodall case studies- a thorough description of the person, including the person's ablities and disabilities, medical condition, life history, unusual experiences, or whatever else seems relevant |
|
|
what is a correlation?
|
a measure of the relationship between two variables
|
|
|
what is a correlational study?
|
a procedure in which investigators measure the correlation between two variables without controlling either of them
|
|
|
what is an illusory correlation?
|
an apparent relationship based on casual observations of unrelated or weakly related events
|
|
|
what is an experiment?
|
a study in which the investigator manipulates at least on variable while measuring at least one other variable
|
|
|
independent variable
|
the item that an experimenter changes or controls
ex. how much violent TV someone watches the "cause" |
|
|
dependent variable
|
the item that an experimenter measures to determine how it was affected
ex. the amount of agressive behavior the "effect" |
