Ch. 2 The Chemical Basis Of Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

What 4 Elements make up 90% of the weight of the Human Body?

Back 1

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

Front 2

Oxidation

Back 2

When a reaction results in a loss of electrons.

Front 3

Reduction

Back 3

When a reaction results in a gain of electrons.

Front 4

Water

Back 4

The universal solvent in the human body. Virtually all the chemical reactions of physiology occur in water.

Over 75% of the body is water.

Front 5

Acids

Back 5

A chemical compound that releases hydrogen ions when added to water. An acid is considered strong if it releases all of its hydrogen ions.

Acids have a sour taste and react with many metals.

Front 6

Bases

Back 6

Chemical compounds that attract hydrogen ions when added to water. When added to water, they attract hydrogen ions away from the water molecules, leaving behind hydroxyl (OH-) ions.

Bases have a bitter taste and a slippery feel.

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pH

Back 7

The negative log of a substance's hydrogen ion concentration (-log[H+]).

A pH of 7.0 is neutral (water). Acids have a low pH and Bases have a high pH.

Front 8

Carbohydrates

Back 8

Used as structural materials and energy sources for the human body.

They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is usually 2:1.

Carbohydrates are often called Saccharides. Simple carbohydrates are commonly referred to as sugars.

Front 9

Monosaccharides (Carbohydrates)

Back 9

Composed of single sugar molecules.

Front 10

Glucose (Monosaccharide)

Back 10

The most widely encountered monosaccharide in the human body. It is the basic form of fuel in the body, where it is chemically broken down to release energy.

It dissolves in body fluids and is transported to all body cells. It exists in both a chain form and a ring form.

Front 11

Disaccharides (Carbohydrates)

Back 11

Sugars composed of two monosaccharide unit molecules covalently bonded to one another.

Front 12

Maltose (Disaccharides)

Back 12

A combination of two glucose units, it results from the breakdown of starch in the intestine.

Front 13

Sucrose (Disaccharides)

Back 13

The table sugar formed by linking glucose to fructose.

It is used as an energy source.

Front 14

Lactose (Disaccharides)

Back 14

Composed of glucose and galactose.

It is used as an energy source and is the principal carbohydrate in milk.

Front 15

Polysaccharides (Carbohydrates)

Back 15

Complex carbohydrates formed by combining innumerable numbers of monosaccharides.

Front 16

Starch (Polysaccharides)

Back 16

Composed of thousands of glucose units.

It serves as a plant's storage form for carbohydrates.

Front 17

Glycogen (Polysaccharides)

Back 17

Composed of thousands of glucose units.

It is the important form for storing glucose in the human liver and skeletal muscles.

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Cellulose (Polysaccharides)

Back 18

Composed of glucose units with covalent linkages that cannot be broken except by a few species of microorganisms.

It is found in the cell walls of plants and provides dietary fiber in the human body.

Front 19

Lipids

Back 19

Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is much higher than in carbohydrates.

Front 20

Steroids (Lipids)

Back 20

Have a 4-ringed structure and are the material of which many hormones are composed.

Front 21

Waxes (Lipids)

Back 21

Composed of fatty acids and long-chain alcohols.

Front 22

Phospholipids (Lipids)

Back 22

Composed of fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate, and an R group.

They are the foundations for the membranes of cells.

Front 23

Fats (Lipids)

Back 23

Composed of a glycerol molecule and one, two, or three molecules of fatty acids.

Humans store fats in large, clear globules in the cells of adipose tissue.

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Unsaturated Fats

Back 24

Have one or more double bonds in the molecule, where more hydrogen atoms could be accommodated.

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Saturated Fats

Back 25

Contain fatty acids that have no double bonds.

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Amino Acids

Back 26

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Sulfur and phosphorus atoms are sometimes present as well.

There are 20 different kinds of amino acids.

Each has an amino (-NHsub2) group, an organic acid (-COOH) group, and an attached radical (-R) group. Amino acids differ by their radical group.

Front 27

Proteins

Back 27

Immense in size and complexity, and consist of chains of amino acids.

Proteins are formed by removing the hydrogen atom from the amino group of one amino acid and the hydroxyl (OH-) ion from the acid group of the second amino acid to form peptide bonds.

The human body depends upon proteins for the construction of cellular parts and for the synthesis of hormones and enzymes.

Front 28

Hormones (Proteins)

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Chemical regulators in the body.

Front 29

Enzymes (Proteins)

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Catalyze most of the chemical reactions taking place within cells.

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Nucleotides

Back 30

The units of nucleic acids. Each contains a carbohydrate molecule bonded to a phosphate group and to a nitrogenous base.

Front 31

Nucleic Acids

Back 31

Very large molecules composed of nucleotides. The two kinds found in the human body are DNA and RNA.

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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Back 32

Found in the 46 chromosomes (genes) of the cell nucleus. Functions in protein synthesis and as the molecule of inheritance.

Contains a pentose (5-carbon) sugar called deoxyribose.

Contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Complementary base pairing are (A-T) and (C-G).

Contains phosphate groups that connect sugars to one another.

Front 33

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

Back 33

Found in the nucleus, the nucleolus, and in the cytoplasm. Found mainly in combinations with proteins in ribosomes in the cytoplasm, as messenger RNA and transfer RNA. Functions in protein synthesis.

Contains a pentose (5-carbon) sugar called ribose.

Contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

Contains phosphate groups that connect sugars to one another.

Front 34

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Back 34

The adenine nucleotide with additional phosphate groups attached.

Serves as the energy currency of the body. Works by releasing a phosphate group.