Ch. 2:

Front 1

Sensory Neurons

Back 1

Neurons that can detect and send info of changes of the environment in the inside of the body or outside to the CNS.

Ex: If the light in a room changes, a change in aroma, change in sound.

Front 2

Motor Neurons

Back 2

Controls the movement of muscles. Located within the CNS.

Front 3

Interneuron

Back 3

Has different types of interneurons and is like exactly located really next to the CNS.

Front 4

Types of Interneuron

Back 4

1. Local interneurons

2. Relay Interneurons

Front 5

Local Interneuron

Back 5

Analyzes small pieces of info and makes circuits with other neurons close by.

Front 6

Relay Interneurons

Back 6

The connector of circuits w/ the local interneurons w/ one part of the brain to the other part.

Front 7

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 7

Located next to the bones of the skull and the spinal column (brain and spinal cord).

Front 8

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 8

Outside the bones of the brain and spinal cord.

Front 9

Neuron(s)

Back 9

Nerve cells that sorts out and sends info.

Front 10

What are the structures of Neurons?

Back 10

1. Soma (cell body)

2. Dendrites

3. Axon

4. Terminal Buttons

Front 11

Dendrites

Back 11

Receive messages from the terminal buttons.

Front 12

Synapse

Back 12

Junction between two nerve cells with a gap in between.

Front 13

Axon

Back 13

Carries the info (action potential) from the soma (cell body) to the terminal buttons

Front 14

Name the types of Neurons

Back 14

1. Multipolar Neuron

2. Bipolar Neurons

3. Unipolar Neurons

Front 15

Multipolar Neuron

Back 15

Consists of one axon and lots of dendrites connected to one soma.

Front 16

Bipolar Neuron

Back 16

Consists of one axon and exactly one dendrite attached to its soma.

Front 17

Unipolar Neuron

Back 17

One axon that is connected to its soma and divided for one side to getting sensory info. and the other sending sensory info into the CNS.

- Like sensory neurons

Front 18

Terminal Buttons

Back 18

Produces the synapse w/ the help of a neuron and then acts as a mailman (sending info) to that neuron.

Front 19

Action Potential (AP)

Back 19

A electrical/chemical event beginning from the end of the axon (next to the cell body) and surfs to the terminal buttons, where each branch receives a full-strength action potential.

Front 20

Neurotransmitter

Back 20

A chemical secreted when an Chemical released by a TB; has excitatory or inhibitory effect on another neuron.

Front 21

Terminal Buttons and Neurons

Back 21

Neuron A received info from the terminal buttons of axons of Neuron B. Neuron B made this possible by forming synapses w/ Neuron C & D.

Front 22

Membrane

Back 22

Structure with lipid molecules that define the outer boundaries of a cell

Front 23

Nucleus "nut"

Back 23

Located in the membrane; containing the nucleolus and chromosomes.

Front 24

Nucleoulus

Back 24

A structure within the nucleus of a cell that makes ribosomes.

Front 25

Ribosomes

Back 25

A cytoplasmic structure.

The place that serves to Translate proteins from mRNA.

Front 26

Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)

Back 26

A macromolecule that delivers genetic information concerning the synthesis of a protein from a portion of a chromosome to a ribosome.

Front 27

Chromosome

Back 27

A strand of DNA found in the nucleus and carries genetic info.

Front 28

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Back 28

Long macromolecule w/ two interconnected helical strands.

- Strands of DNA are parts of the chromosomes.

Front 29

Gene

Back 29

The unit of the chromosome to direct synthesis of protein(s).

Front 30

Enzymes

Back 30

A molecule controlling a chemical reaction by combining two substances or breaking a substance into two parts.

Front 31

Catalyst

Back 31

Causes a chemical reaction w/out being part of the end product.

Front 32

Genome

Back 32

Synthesizes protein on a single organism when nucleotide hops onto the chromosomes.

Front 33

"Junk" DNA

Back 33

DNA in the genome that theoretically didn't have the recipe (info) to make proteins, since only 1.5% of the human genomes encrypts protein.

Front 34

Non-coded RNA (ncRNA)

Back 34

A form of RNA that doesn't encode for protein but has functions of its own

Front 35

Cytoplasm

Back 35

Jellylike, semi liquid substance that fills the space outlined by the membrane.

Contained in the interior of a cell

Front 36

Mitochondria

Back 36

Oval bead shaped, made of a double membrane.

The inner membrane has wrinkles that make shelves (cristae). Cristae is where energy is extracted and nutrients breakdown.

It's an organelle ("little organ") that is responsible for extracting energy from nutrients.

It gives cells ATP

Front 37

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Back 37

Important molecule to cellular energy metabolism and its breakdown releases energy.

Front 38

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 38

A storage reservoir and as a channel for transporting chemicals through the cytoplasm.

Parallel layers of membrane in the cytoplasm of a cell.

Front 39

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 39

Has ribosomes and involved with the production of proteins secreted by the cell.

Front 40

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 40

The site of synthesis of lipids and provides channels for the segregation of molecules involved in many cellular processes.

Front 41

Golgi apparatus

Back 41

Parallel membranes in the cytoplasm.

Type of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Complex molecules made here

Serves as a wrapping paper for the products of a secretory cell.

Front 42

Exocytosis

Back 42

The secretion of a substance by a cell through means of vesicles; the process by which neurotransmitters are secreted.

Front 43

Lysosomes

Back 43

An organelle surrounded by membrane; has enzymes that break down waste products.

Small sacs that have enzymes that break down substances no longer needed by the cell.

Front 44

Cytoskeleton

Back 44

Made by microtubules and three kinds of protein fibers/strands linked to each other and forming a cohesive mass that gives a cell its shape.

Front 45

Microtubules

Back 45

Bundles of thirteen protein filaments arranges around a hollow core; one of the protein strands that make up the cytoskeleton.

It transports substances from place to place within the cell.

Front 46

Axoplasm

Back 46

The cytoplasm of the axon

Front 47

Axoplasmic transport

Back 47

Active process where substances are propelled along microtubules that run the length of the axon.

Front 48

Anterograde axoplasmic transport

Back 48

Movement from the soma to the terminal buttons.

Front 49

Kinesin molecule

Back 49

Needed for anterograde transport because its the legs and feet that attach to the thing being transported down the axon.

Front 50

Retrograde (axoplasmic transport)

Back 50

The process of dynein (protein) carrying substances from the terminal buttons to the soma.

Front 51

Glia

Back 51

The supporting cells of the CNS

Front 52

Astrocyte

Back 52

Type of glia cell that provides nutrients and other substances , and regulates chemical composition of the extracellular fluid.

Nourish neurons

Front 53

Phagocytosis

Back 53

The process by which cells engulf and digest other dead cells or debris caused by cellular degeneration.

Front 54

Oligodendricyte

Back 54

Type of glia cell that makes the myelin sheaths and support axons

Front 55

Myelin sheath

Back 55

A sheath that surrounds axons and insulates them to prevent the messages inside of them to spread between nearby (adjacent) axon.

Front 56

node of Ranvier

Back 56

The naked portion of a myelinated axon between adjacent oligodendeoglia or schwann cells.

Front 57

Microglia

Back 57

Type of glia cell, the smallest; acts as phagocytes and protects the brain from invading microorganisms.

Primarily responsible for the inflammatory reaction in response to brain damage.

Front 58

Schwann Cells

Back 58

A cell in the PNS that's wrapped around a myelinated axon, like the oligodendrocytes do in the CNS

Helps eat the dead or dying axons

Front 59

Blood-brain barrier

Back 59

A barrier between the blood and the fluid that surrounds the cells of the brain

The walls of the capillaries in the brain are responsible for this barrier because it lacks gaps like the ones in the body.

Front 60

Significance of the blood-brain barrier

Back 60

Maintains balance between substances within neurons and those in the extracellular fluid surrounding them.

Prevents chemicals that we eat to reach the brain because they can conflict with the transmission of info between neurons.

Front 61

Area postrema

Back 61

Part of the brain that controls vomiting. Blood-brain barrier is weak here, allowing neurons there to detect toxic substances in the blood.

Front 62

Electrode

Back 62

Electrical conductors that provide a path for electricity to enter a medium.

Can record electrical potential's.

Measures electrical charges by an Axon

Front 63

Microelectrode

Back 63

A very small electrode that can record activity of an individual neuron

Front 64

Membrane Potential

Back 64

The electrical charge across a cell membrane; the difference in electrical potential inside and outside the cell.

Front 65

Oscilloscope

Back 65

Lab instrument capable of displaying a graph of voltage as a function of time on the face of a cathode ray tube.

Front 66

Resting Potential

Back 66

The membrane potential of a neuron when it is not being disturbed by excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials; ~ -70mV

Front 67

Depolarization

Back 67

Reduction (toward zero) of the membrane potential of a cell from its normal resting potential.

Front 68

Hyperpolarization

Back 68

An increase in the membrane potential of a cell, relative to the normal resting potential.

Front 69

Action Potential

Back 69

The brief electrical impulse (very rapid reversal of the membrane potential) that provides the basis for conduction of info along an axon.

Front 70

Threshold of excitation

Back 70

The value of the membrane potential that must be reached to produce an ap.

Front 71

Diffusion

Back 71

The process where molecules distribute themselves evenly throughout the medium in which they are dissolved.

Front 72

Electrolytes

Back 72

Two split molecules from a substance dissolved in water, each with an opposing electrical charge.

Front 73

Ions

Back 73

A charged molecule. Cations are positively charged, anions are negatively charged

Front 74

Electrostatic pressure

Back 74

The attractive force between atomic particles charged with opposite signs or the repulsive force between atomic particles charged with the same sign.

Front 75

Intracellular fluid

Back 75

Fluid in the cell

Front 76

Extracellular fluid

Back 76

Fluid outside the cell

Front 77

sodium-potassium transporters

Back 77

Protein in all cell membranes that exchanges Sodium for Potassium by pushing three Sodium ions out for every two Potassium ions pushed in.

Front 78

Ion channels

Back 78

Specialized protein molecule that allows specific ions to enter or leave cells.

Front 79

all-or-none law

Back 79

An action potential either occurs or does not occur.

Front 80

Rate law

Back 80

The rate at which an axon fires.

Front 81

Saltatory conduction

Back 81

Conduction of action potential's by myelinated axons. The action potential appears to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next.

Front 82

Postsynaptic potentials

Back 82

Alterations in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron, produced by liberation of neurotransmitter at the synapse.

Front 83

Binding site

Back 83

The location on a receptor protein to which a ligand binds.

Front 84

Ligand

Back 84

A chemical that binds at the binding site of a receptor

With the receptor

Front 85

Dendritic spine

Back 85

A small bind on the surface of a dendrite, with which a tb of another neuron forms a synapse

Front 86

Presynaptic membrane

Back 86

The membrane of a terminal button that lies adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane and through which the neurotransmitter is released.

Front 87

Postynaptic membrane

Back 87

The cell membrane opposite the terminal button in a synapse; the membrane of the cell that receives the message.

Front 88

Synaptic cleft

Back 88

The space between the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane

Front 89

Synaptic vesicle

Back 89

A small, hollow bead like structure of The terminal button; has molecules of a neurotransmitter.

Front 90

Release Zone

Back 90

Region of the interior of the presynaptic membrane of a synapse to which synaptic vesicles attach and release their neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

Front 91

Postsynaptic receptor

Back 91

A receptor molecule in the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter.

Front 92

Neurotransmitter-dependent ion channel

Back 92

Ion channel that opens when a neurotransmitter molecule binds with a postsynaptic receptor

Front 93

Ionotropic receptor

Back 93

Receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter and an ion channel that opens when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attaches to the binding site.

Front 94

Metabotropic receptor

Back 94

Steps that require that the cell spend metabolism energy

Activate an enzyme to open an ion channel

Front 95

G Protein

Back 95

carries messages to other molecules when a ligand binds with and activates the receptor.

Front 96

Second Messender

Back 96

Chemical made when a Gprotein actuvates an enxyme; carries a signal that results in the opening of the ion channel or causes other events to occur in the cell.

Front 97

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

Back 97

Pushes neuron closer to threshold and make an Action potential more likely.

Depolarizes the postsynaptic neuron by making the inside more likely to fire that message onto the next neuron

Front 98

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

Back 98

Pushes the neuron further from threshold making an action potential harder to achieve.

Hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic neuron by making the inside more negative, driving it's charge down away from the threshold.

[Message not delivered]

Front 99

Reuptake

Back 99

The reentry of a neurotransmitter released by a terminal button back through its membrane, thus terminating the postsynaptic potential.

Front 100

Enzymatic deactivation

Back 100

Destruction of a neurotransmitter by an enzyme after its release.

Front 101

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Back 101

Neurotransmitter in the brain, spinal cord and parts of the PNS; responsible for muscular contraction.

Front 102

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Back 102

Enzyme that destroys acetylcholine after released by terminal button, thus, terminating the postsynaptic potential

Front 103

Neural integration

Back 103

Process by which inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials sum up and control the rate of a firing of a neuron.

Front 104

Autoreceptor

Back 104

Receptor molecule on a neuron that respnds to the neurotransmitter released by the neuron.

Front 105

Presynaptic inhibition

Back 105

When the activity of the axoaxonic synapse decreases the release of the neurotransmitter

The action of presynaptic terminal buttons in an axoaxonic synapse; reduces amount of neurotransmitter released by the postsynaptic terminal button.

Front 106

Presynaptic facilitation

Back 106

The activity of the axoaxonic synapse increases the release of the neurotransmitter

Action Of a presynaptic terminal button in an axoaxonic synapse; increases amount of neurotransmitter released by the postsynaptic terminal button.

Front 107

Gap junction

Back 107

A special junction between cells that permits direct communication by means of electrical coupling

Front 108

Neuromodulator

Back 108

A naturally secreted substance that acts like a neurotransmitter except that it's not restricted to the synaptic cleft but diffuses through the extracellular fluid

Front 109

Peptide

Back 109

Chain of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. Most neuromodulators, and some hormones, consist of peptide molecules.

Front 110

Hormone

Back 110

A chemical substance released by an endocrine gland that has effects on target cells in other organs.

Front 111

Endocrine Gland

Back 111

A gland that releases its secretions into the extracellular fluid around capillaries and hence into the bloodstreaml

Front 112

Target cell

Back 112

Type of cell that is directly affected by a hormone or other chemical signal.

Front 113

Steroid

Back 113

Chemical of low molecular weight, derived from cholesterol. Steroid hormones affect their target cells by attaching to receptors found within the nucleus.