Ch. 19 Reproductive System

Front 1

Sexual Reproduction:

Back 1

Union of two cells to produce a new individual capable of reproducing itself.

Front 2

Gametes:

Back 2

Cells that participate in sexual reproduction. The sperm and ovum have half the amount of DNA

Front 3

Zygote:

Back 3

Cell that's created by the union of sperm and ovum. It has the full amount of DNA.

Front 4

Primary male reproductive organ:

Back 4

Testes (plural) Testis (singular)

Front 5

Secondary internal male reproductive organs:

Back 5

A) Spermatic Ducts: vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, Urethra, epididymis

B) Accessory Glands:Seminal vesicle, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland

Front 6

Secondary external male reproductive organs:

Back 6

Penis, Scrotum

Front 7

Primary function of the male reproductive system:

Back 7

Spermatogenesis: production of sperm that begins during puberty and continues throughout life.

Front 8

Secondary function of the male reproductive system:

Back 8

Androgenesis: Secretion of testosterone to develop male organ traits, maturation of sperm, and libido (sex drive)

Front 9

Role of Gubernaculum:

Back 9

Structure that guides the testes out of the pelvic cavity into the scrotum. It begins at 3 month fetal development and it's 1/2 its length at 8 month fetal development and is practically gone at 1 month after full term pregnancy.

Front 10

Cryptorchidism:

Back 10

Failure of testes to descend into the scrotum. Surgery corrects the problem before one year of age.

Front 11

Structure of the Scrotum:

Back 11

Tunica albuginea a layer of dense tissue that has extensions forming septa to divide the testes into lobules. Seminiferous tubules: microscopic tubes of germinal epithelium where sperm are produced. They are composed of three types of cells: Spermatogenic cells, sustrentacular/nurse cells, instersitial cells

Front 12

Scrotum- Dartos Muscle:

Back 12

Layer of smooth muscle tissue controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Contracts during times of stress drawing the testes closer to the body.

Front 13

Scrotum- Cremaster muscle:

Back 13

A layer of skeletal muscle tissue, an extension of internal oblique. During times of stress this will contract drawing the testes closer to the body.

Front 14

Testis- tunica albuginea:

Back 14

layer of dense tissue that has extensions forming septa to divide the testes into lobules.

Front 15

Testis: Seminiferous tubule:

Back 15

Microscoptic tubes of germinal epithelium where sperm are produced

Front 16

Testis: Spermatogenic cell:

Back 16

form the bulk of seminferous tubule and produce sperm. Activated by the follicle stimulating hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

Front 17

Testis: Nurse Cells (sustenacular cells)

Back 17

Provied immunity and nurtients to developing sperm as well as secrete inhibin. Inhibin is a hormone that reduced sperm production when lemen is full.

Front 18

Testis: Interstitial Cell

Back 18

Lay around the edges of the seminiferous tubles to secrete testosterones. The lutenizig hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland stimulation the secretion of testosterone's by the testes.

Front 19

Lobules and Rete tetes:

Back 19

250-300 lobules with 1-3 testes. Tubules converge into rete testis on the dorsal side of the testis. Rete testes is a series of short, branched tubules that empty into the epididymis.

Front 20

Arrangement of tissues in the spermatic ducts:

Back 20

Lined with ciliated epithelium, surrounded by smooth muscle tissue and dense tissue. Sperm are propelled by peristalsis and cilliary action.

Front 21

Exocrine glands:

Back 21

Seminal Vesicles, prostate gland, bulbouruethral gland

Front 22

Seminal Vasicles

Back 22

Secrete an alkaline fluid, rich in fructose, clotting factors and prostaglandins. 60% of semen volume

Front 23

Prostate Gland

Back 23

Secretes an alkaline fluid, rich in prostaglandis. 30% of semen volume. Both have a layer of smooth muscle tissue that contracts to force the fluid out of the gland.

Front 24

Bulbourethral glands

Back 24

Secrete an alkaline mucus to neutralize the acidity of urine left in the urethra.

Front 25

Structures of the Penis

Back 25

Has a long shaft or body composed of three columns of erectile tissue. The corpora cavernosa are two larger dorsal columns and the corpus spongiosum is the small ventral column that surrounds the urethra. Distal end called glans penis. To reduce constant stimulation, usually removed by circumcision.

Front 26

Primary function of the female reproductive system:

Back 26

Oogenesis is production and maturation of ova which begins prior to birth and ends with menopause.

Front 27

Secondary function of the female reproductive system:

Back 27

Develop and mature female organisms and traits. Thicken the endometrium, perpetuate pregnancies.

Front 28

Primary reproductive organs

Back 28

ovaries

Front 29

Secondary internal female reproductive organs

Back 29

Oviduct (fallopian tube), uterus, vagina

Front 30

Secondary external female reproductive organs called the VULVA

Back 30

mons pubis, clitoris, labia minor, labia major, bartholins glands/vestibular glands

Front 31

Structures of the fallopian tubes (oviducts, uterine tubes): fimbriae, infundibulum

Back 31

Oviducts are lined with ciliated columnar epithelium smooth muscle and dense tissue. Infundibulum is the wide open end near the ovaries with finger-like extensions called fimbriae. The fimbriae move during ovulation move back & fourth to create a wave like action encouraging the developing ovum to enter the oviduct.

Front 32

Structure of the Uterus

Back 32

Endometrium the inner lining which thickens and is sloughed off during the menstrual cycle. Myometrium thick layer of smooth muscle that contracts during menses and labor. Perimetrium the outer layer of dense and areolar tissues of the uterus.

Front 33

Structure of the vagina

Back 33

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium lines the vaginal canal. Rugae: folds that allow for expansion. Smooth muscle tissue make up middle layer.

Front 34

Structure of the mammary glands

Back 34

Composed of several lobes with ducts the empty into the areolar. Each lobe contains several lobules of secreting cells surrounded by adipose tissue with numerous lymph vessels and lymph nodes.

Front 35

Functions of the mammary glands

Back 35

mammary glands secrete colostrum, rich in proteins that are mostly antibodies for the first 2 or 3 days after labor. Milk is the 2nd fluid produced and is rich in lipids and carbohydrates. Prolactin, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland causes the production of colostrum and milk. Oxytocin, posterior pituitary gland stimulates milk letdown or release of uterine contractions.

Front 36

Menarche

Back 36

The first menstrual cycle occurring between 11-16 years of age. How soon body mass is 90 lbs and % of body fat.

Front 37

Menopause

Back 37

Cessation of menstrual cycles which begins between 45 and 55 years. Last 5-15 years in length. Women are categorized as peri-menopausal, menopausal, and post-menopausal.

Front 38

Meiosis

Back 38

Nuclear division that produces gametes non-identical cells with half of the genetic material/ Gametes are required for sexual reprodution.

Front 39

Forms of DNA

Back 39

Chromatid. Chromatin. Chromosome.

Front 40

Chromatid

Back 40

Single strands (molecules) DNA

Front 41

Chromatin

Back 41

Refers to the long, stringy form of DNA present when the cell is not dividing.

Front 42

Chromosome

Back 42

Tightly coiled forms of DNA, presents during cell division.

Front 43

Diploid

Back 43

The number of chromosomes found in most body cells (full amount)

Front 44

Haploid

Back 44

1/2 the diploid amount of chromosomes found in gamates (ova, sperm)

Front 45

Chromosomes have ___ chromatids and replicated chromosomes have ___ chromatids

Back 45

1, 2

Front 46

Centriole

Back 46

Cell organelle that exists in paris and that organizes the spindle fiber for chromosome movement.

Front 47

Centromere

Back 47

The constriction where duplicated of the chromosomes are held together and the point of attachment of spindle fiber onto the chromosome.

Front 48

Homologous

Back 48

A pair of chromosomes that are similar in shape and contain genes for the same traits; one of the pair comes from the father and the other from the mother.

Front 49

Spermatogenesis

Back 49

The production of sperm, within the testes, is regulated by follicle-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary.

Front 50

Spermiogenesis

Back 50

The maturation of spermatids into sperm, regulated by testosterone, taking place within the testes and the epididymis.

Front 51

Components of semen

Back 51

60 % seminal vesicle fluid, 30% prostate fluid, 10% sperm. Fructose provide energy for sperm motility. Semenogelin (clotting factors) thicken fluid to adhere to vaginal wall. Prostaglandis stimulate motility of sperm and female peristaltic contractions.