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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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activated complex
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an unstable arrangement of atoms that exists momentarily at the peak of the activation-energy barrier; an intermediate or transitional structure formed during the course of a reaction
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activation energy
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the minimum energy colliding particles must have in order to react
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catalyst
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a substance that increases the rate of reaction by lowering the activation-energy barrier; the catalyst is not used up
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chemical equilibrium
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a state of balance in which forward and reverse reactions are taking place at the same rate; no net change in the amounts of reactants and products occurs in the chemical system
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collision theory
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atoms, ions, and molecules can react to form products when they collide, provided that the particles have enough kinetic energy
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elementary reaction
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a reaction in which reactants are converted to products in a single step
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entropy
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(S) a measure of the disorder of a system
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equilibrium constant (Keq)
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the ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium with each concentration raised to a power equal to the number of moles of that substance in the balanced equation
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equilibrium position
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the relative concentrations of reactants and products of a reaction that has reached equilibrium
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first-order reaction
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a reaction in which the reaction rate is proportional to the concentration of only one reactant
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free energy
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the energy available to do work
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Gibbs free-energy change
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the maximum amount of energy that can be coupled to another process to do useful work
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inhibitor
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a substance that interferes with the action of a catalyst
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intermediate
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a product of a reaction that immediately becomes a reactant of another reaction
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law of disorder
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it is a natural tendency of systems to move in the direction of maximum chaos or disorder
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Le Chatelier's principle
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when stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system changes to relieve that stress
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nonspontaneous reaction
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a reaction that does not favor the formation of products at the specified conditions
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rate
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describes the speed of change over an interval of time
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rate law
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an expression relating the rate of a reaction to the concentration of the reactants
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reaction mechanism
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a series of elementary reactions that take place during the course of a complex reaction
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reversible reaction
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a reaction in which the conversion of reactants into products and the conversion of products into reactants occur simultaneously
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specific rate constant
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a proportionality constant relating the concentrations of reactants to the rate of the reaction
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spontaneous reaction
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a reaction that favors the formation of products at the specified conditions
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standard entropy
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the entropy of a substance in its stable state at 25 C and 1 atm
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transition state
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a term sometimes used to refer to the activated complex
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