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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neisseria meningitides
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Gram (-) diplococci
assoc. w/ epidemic forms of men. (25%) causes most serious form releases endotoxin into circulation leads to delirium, shock, coma, death |
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meningitis symptoms
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headache, fever, stiff neck, more WBCs in CSF
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3 functions of nervous system
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sensory, integrative, motor
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blood-brain barrier
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restricted perm. of blood vessels in brain
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immunologically privelaged site
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temp. damage could be life threatening
lower levels of MHC antigens |
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nervous system phagocytes
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microglia, brain macrophages
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meningitis portal of entry
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nasopharynx
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meningitis attachment
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pili; engulfed by mucosal epithelial cells->pharyngitis
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meningitis virulence factors
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IgA protease
capsule |
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Meningitis transmission and prevention
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secretions/droplet.
get nat. immunity in early life |
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meningitis treatment
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antibiotics
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Streptococcous pneumonia
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most freq. cause of comm.-acquired meningitis
very severe does not cause petechiae like meningococcal men. |
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Haemophilus infuenza composition
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tiny gram (-) pleomorphic rods
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causative agent of flu and severe meningitis
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Haemophilus influenza
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Haemophilus influenza related symptoms
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fever, stiff neck, vomiting, neurological impairment
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Listeria monocytogenes comp.
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gram (+)
coccobacilli to long filaments |
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Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis
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inside host cell, move from cell to cell
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Listeria monocytogenes resistance
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cold, heat, salt, pH extremes, bile
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Listeria monocytogenes transmission
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dairy products, poultry, meat
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Listeria m. symptoms (normal adults)
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mild infection, non-specific symptoms
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Listeria m. symptoms (immunocompromised people)
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septicemia
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Cryptococcous neoformans comp.
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sherical/ovoid and large capsule; fungus
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Crypto. neo. symptoms
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gradual; headache, stiff neck
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meningoenchepalitis
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sometimes referred to as Crypto. neo.
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Crypto. neo. pathogenisis
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escape of yeast into blood
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Crypto. neo. viruulence factors
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affinity for meninges and brain
tumor like masses |
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Crypto. neo. transmission
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bird (pigeon) droppings
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Crypto. neo. portal of entry
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respiratory tract
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Crypto. neo. treatment
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amphotericin B
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Cocciditis immitis
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fungal infection
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Cocci. imm. found in..
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soil
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at 25 degrees C, Cocci. imm....
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white-brown colony with hyphae
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Cocci. imm. usually begins with....
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pulmonary infection
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Aseptic meningitis
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virus; usually in children; herpes, CMV, HIV; 90% caused by enteroviruses; milder
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neonatal meningitis transmission
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mother either in utero or through birth canal
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neonatal menin. causes
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Streptococcous agalactiae (group B strep); E. coli
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encephalitis
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inflammation of the brain
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2 causes of meningoencephalitis
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both amoebas
1. Naegleria fowleri 2. Acanthamoeba |
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Naegleria fowleri comp.
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small, flask-shaped amoeba
round, thick-walled uninucleate cyst |
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Naegleria fowleri pathogenesis
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into nasal passages from swimming,diving,or other aquatic activities. amoeba burrows into mucosa and migrates into brain and surrounding structures
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Acanthamoeba comp.
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large, amoeboid, trophozoite with spiny pseudopods and a double-walled cyst
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Acanthamoeba portal of entry
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invades broken skin, conjunctiva, lungs, urogenital epithelia
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Granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis
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traumatic eye injuries, contact lens wearers
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GAM treatment
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surgical excision of granulomae
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Acute encephalitis cause
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almost always viral infection
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Acute enceph. symptoms
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vary: behavior change, confusion, decreased consciousness, seizures
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Arbovirus transmission
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blood feeding insects
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common outcome of arboviruses
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acute fever, often rash
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West Nile enceph. found in...
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Africa, middle east, asia
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West Nile transmission/pathogenesis
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mosquitoes after feeding on infected birds
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West Nile symptoms
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flu-like
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Herpes Simplex virus can cause encephalitis in...
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newborns w/ HSV+ mothers
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JC virus
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infection common
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PML
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"progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy"
attacks accessory brain cells generally fatal but uncommon assoc. w/ JC virus |
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Subacute encephalitis cause
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Toxoplasma
measles prions |
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Toxoplasma gondii comp.
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flagellated parasite
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Toxoplasmic gondii symptoms
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most go unnoticed; sore throat, enlarged lymph node, low fever
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when is Toxo. gondii fatal?
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immunodeficient people and infants
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Toxo. gondii pathogenesis
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cats->spread by oocysts to rodents and birds (cat eats dead animal)
rats eaten by cats ensure life cycle |
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cause of measles
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direct viral invasion of neural tissue
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Transmissible spongiform encephalitis
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neurodegenerative diseases w/ long incubation but rapid progression once started
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TSE host
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prions-> convert normal host proteins into abnormal
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TSE consequencs
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plaques, holes in brain, severe loss of brain function
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TSE transmission
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contact w/ brain or CSF
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human TSE's
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
Gerstmann-Strussler-Scheinker disease Fatal Familial insomnia |
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Rabies prodromal phase
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fever, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, etc.
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furious rabies
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agitation, disorientation, seizures, twitching, spasms in neck and pharyngeal muscles
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dumb rabies
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patient paralyzed, disoriented, stuporous
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both forms of rabies result in
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coma phase-> death
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rabies pathogenesis
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infected animal's saliva into puncture site. multiplies one week. enters nerve endings. migrates towards eye, heart, oral cav. replicates in saliva
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rabies virulence
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envelope glycoprotein allows spread in CNS and neural cells
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rabies treatment
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postexposure immunization
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Poliomyelitis
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acute enteroviral infection of spinal cord
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Poliomyelitis can cause...
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neuromuscular paralysis
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nonparalytic poliomyelitis
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invasion but not destruction of nervous tissue
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paralytic polio.
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various degrees of flaccid paralysis
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polio. pathogenesis
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ingested into throat and intestinal mucosa. mult. in tonsils. cross into certain cells of CNS. intestine sheds virus
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polio. transmission
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more during summer/fall; food,water,objects contam. w/ feces
effects small children vaccine |
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Tetanus
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"lockjaw"
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Tetanus causative organism
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Clostridium tetani
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Clostridium tetani
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spore-forming rod; strict anaerobe
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what does Clostridium tetani release?
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neurotoxin that binds to target sites in peripheral motor neurons, spinal cord, brain, and sympathetic nervous system
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what does tetanus toxin do?
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blocks inhibition of muscle contraction
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tetanus symptoms
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clenching jaw, back arching, arm flexion, leg extension, respiratory paralysis
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Tetanus pathogenesis
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spores enter thru wounds, frostbite, or umbilical stump;
toxin spreads to nerve endings and horns of spinal cord. |
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when Tetanus toxin is in nerve endings and horns of spinal cord, what does it block?
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release of neurotransmitters
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muscle contractions violent...
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enough to break bones
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Tetanus virulence factors
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Tetanospasm endotoxin
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Tetanus treatment
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combo. of passive antitoxin and active immunization; support
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causative organism of Botulism
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Clostridium botulinum
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Clostridium botulinum
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spore forming anaerobe; releases exotoxin: botulinum toxin
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Botulism transmission
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poorly preserved foods
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botulism symptoms
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double vision, difficulty swallowing, dizziness; descending muscle paralysis and resp. compromise
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3 forms of botulism
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food-borne; infant; wound
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botulism treatment
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antitoxin, supportive
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causative organism of African Sleeping Sickness
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Trypanosoma brucei
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African Sleeping Sickness also called...
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trypanosomiasis
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African Sleeping Sickness affects...
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lymphatics and areas surrounding blood vessels
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African Sleep. Sick. symptoms
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intermittent fever, enlarged spleen, swollen lymph nodes, joint pain, CNS affected to cause sleep and behavior disturbances
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African Sleeping Sickness treatment
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Suramin, pentamidine (early), melarsoprol (late)
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