Ch 19 Ecology Cain, Bowman, Hacker Detail

Front 1

Lindeman grouped organisms into ______ categories, based primarily on how they obtained their _____.

Back 1

functional
energy.

Front 2

The term _____ was 1st used by A. G. Tansley (1935) to refer to all of the components of an ecological system, _____ and ____, that influence the flow of energy and elements.

Back 2

ecosystem
biotic and abiotic

Front 3

Primary Production
CONCEPT 19.1
_____ in ecosystems originates with primary production by ________.

Back 3

Energy
autotrophs.

Front 4

19.1
Primary production is the chemical energy generated by autotrophs, derived from the fixation of __ in photosynthesis & chemosynthesis.

Back 4

CO2 (Carbon)

Front 5

19.1
Primary _____ is the rate of primary production.

Back 5

productivity

Front 6

19.1
____ assimilated by autotrophs is stored as carbon compounds in plant tissues; _____ is the currency used for the measurement of primary production.

Back 6

Energy assimilated
carbon currency

Front 7

19.1
Total amount of carbon fixed by autotrophs in an ecosystem ____ _______ _________.

Back 7

gross primary production (GPP)
(Gross primary production is total ecosystem photosynthesis)

Front 8

19.1
GPP depends on the influence of ____ on photosynthetic rate and the ______ _____ ______.

Back 8

climate
leaf area index (LAI)

Front 9

19.1
LAI = ___ ____ per ___ of ___ ___.
-Less than 0.1 in Arctic tundra
(less than 10% of the ground surface has ___ ____). 12 in boreal & tropical forests ( on avg, there are 12 layers of leaves between the ____ & the ____).

Back 9

leaf area per unit of ground area.
leaf cover
canopy & the ground.

Front 10

19.1
Net primary production is the energy remaining after _____ _____
NPP =

Back 10

respiratory losses
NPP = GPP - respiration

Front 11

19.1
NPP represents the ____ gained by the plant. NPP is the energy left over for plant ____ and _____ by detritivores & herbivores. NPP represents storage of ___ in ecosystems.

Back 11

biomass
growth & consumption
carbon

Front 12

19.1
Plants can respond to environmental conditions by allocating carbon to the growth of ____ _____.

Back 12

different tissues.

Front 13

19.1
Allocation of NPP to growth of leaves, stems, & roots is balanced so that plants can maintain supplies of water, nutrients, & carbon. EG. Grassland plants allocate ___ NPP to roots because soil nutrients & water are scarce.

Back 13

more

Front 14

19.1
NPP changes during ecosystem ____ (or _____) due to changes in leaf area index & in the balance between photosynthetic & nonphotosynthetic tissues.

Back 14

development (succession)

Front 15

19.1
The highest NPP is ually in the ____ successional stages, when photosynthetic tissues, plant diversity, & nutrient supply tends to be highest.

Back 15

intermediate

Front 16

19.1
NPP is the ____ _____ of energy for all organisms in ecosystem.
Variation in NPP indicative of ecosystem ____-changes in primary productivity can be symptomatic of ___.
NPP is associated with the ____ ____ ____.

Back 16

ultimate source
health
stress.
global carbon cycle.

Front 17

19.1
Measuring belowground NPP more difficult
Roots ___ ___ more quickly than shoots; i.e., more roots are "___" and ___ during growing season.
Roots may ___ a significant amount of carbon into the soil, or transfer carbon to mycorrhizal or bacterial symbionts.

Back 17

turn over
"born" and die
exude

Front 18

19.1
Harvest techniques are ___ for large or biologically diverse ecosystems. Chlorophyll concentrations can provide a proxy for ___ & ___. Can be estimated using remote sensing methods that rely on reflection of ____ _____.

Back 18

impractical
GPP & NPP.
solar radiation.

Front 19

19.1
NPP can be estimated from ___ & ___ measurements. This involves measuring change in ___ concentration in a closed chamber.

Back 19

GPP & respiration
CO2

Front 20

19.1
The net change in CO2 concentration inside the tent is a balance of GPP uptake & total respiration-- _________or_________.
Heterotrophic respiration must be ___ to obtain NPP.

Back 20

net ecosystem production or
net ecosystem exchange (NEE)
subtracted

Front 21

19.1
NEE can also be estimated by measuring CO2 at various heights in a plant canopy & the atmosphere above, called ____ ____ or ___ ____.

Back 21

eddy correlation or
eddy covariance

Front 22

19.1
Concentration of CO2 (ppm)from ground surface to above the canopy in boreal forest in Siberia, measured over 24 hr period in summer.
During the day, CO2 ___ in the canopy with photosynthesis. At night, CO2 is ____ in the canopy.

Back 22

decreases
higher

Front 23

Environmental Controls on NPP
CONCEPT 19.2
Net primary productivity is constrained by both ____ and _____ environmental factors.

Back 23

physical & biotic environmental

Front 24

19.2
NPP in terrestrial ecosystems is controlled by _____ ____
NPP increases with ____ precip. to about 2400 mm/yr...
then ____ at higher lvls. NPP ____ with increasing temp.

Back 24

climatic factors
increasing precip.
decreases at higher lvls
increases w/increasing temp.

Front 25

19.2
In rivers&streams, NPP is often __. Majority of the energy derived is from ____ organic matter. Water flow ___ phytoplankton growth; most NPP is from _____ & attached ____.

Back 25

low.
terrestrial
limits
macrophytes & attached algae.

Front 26

19.1
NEE can also be estimated by measuring CO2 at various heights in a plant canopy & the atmosphere above, called ____ ____ or ___ ____.

Back 26

eddy correlation or
eddy covariance

Front 27

19.1
Concentration of CO2 (ppm)from ground surface to above the canopy in boreal forest in Siberia, measured over 24 hr period in summer.
During the day, CO2 ___ in the canopy with photosynthesis. At night, CO2 is ____ in the canopy.

Back 27

decreases
higher

Front 28

Environmental Controls on NPP
CONCEPT 19.2
Net primary productivity is constrained by both ____ and _____ environmental factors.

Back 28

physical & biotic environmental

Front 29

19.2
NPP in terrestrial ecosystems is controlled by _____ ____
NPP increases with ____ precip. to about 2400 mm/yr...
then ____ at higher lvls. NPP ____ with increasing temp.

Back 29

climatic factors
increasing precip.
decreases at higher lvls
increases w/increasing temp.

Front 30

19.2
In rivers&streams, NPP is often __. Majority of the energy derived is from ____ organic matter. Water flow ___ phytoplankton growth; most NPP is from _____ & attached ____.

Back 30

low.
terrestrial
limits
macrophytes & attached algae.

Front 31

19.2
Limiting nutrients vary in ___ ecosystems.
____ are usually nutrient-rich: variation in NPP is correlated with __ inputs from rivers. __ from agricultural&industrial practices can result in blooms of algae and "dead zones."

Back 31

marine
Estuaries;N
N

Front 32

19.2
In coastal areas, ___ ___ may have leaf area indices & rates of NPP as high as tropical forests. Seagrasses such as eelgrass (g. Zostera) are also important _____ zones.

Back 32

kelp forests.
nearshore
(Florida sea grass bed)

Front 33

19.2
In the open ocean, NPP is mostly limited by _____.
But NPP in the equatorial Pacific Ocean appears to be limited by ___ (Martin et al. 1994).

Back 33

nitrogen
iorn

Front 34

19.2
During glacial periods, large parts of the earth could have contributed ___ (&___)that fertilized the oceans.

Back 34

dust (& iron)
The concomitant increase in CO2 uptake by marine phytoplankton could have reduced atmosphere CO2 concentrations setting up a positive feedback that cooled the climate even more.

Front 35

19.2
A 64 km^2 area was fertilized with 445 kg of iron, which resulted in a ___of phytoplankton biomass & a _____ _____ in NPP.

Back 35

doubling
fourfold increase

Front 36

19.2
NPP in aquatic ecosystems is controlled by ___ ____
particularly ____ & ____.

Back 36

nutrient availability
phosphorous & nitrogen.

Front 37

19.2
The _____growth rate of plants influences temporal variation in net primary productivity and ecosystem response to climatic variation.

Back 37

intrinsic

Front 38

19.2
Limiting nutrients vary in ___ ecosystems.
____ are usually nutrient-rich: variation in NPP is correlated with __ inputs from rivers. __ from agricultural&industrial practices can result in blooms of algae and "dead zones."

Back 38

marine
Estuaries;N
N

Front 39

19.2
In coastal areas, ___ ___ may have leaf area indices & rates of NPP as high as tropical forests. Seagrasses such as eelgrass (g. Zostera) are also important _____ zones.

Back 39

kelp forests.
nearshore
(Florida sea grass bed)

Front 40

19.2
In the open ocean, NPP is mostly limited by _____.
But NPP in the equatorial Pacific Ocean appears to be limited by ___ (Martin et al. 1994).

Back 40

nitrogen
iorn

Front 41

19.2
During glacial periods, large parts of the earth could have contributed ___ (&___)that fertilized the oceans.

Back 41

dust (& iron)
The concomitant increase in CO2 uptake by marine phytoplankton could have reduced atmosphere CO2 concentrations setting up a positive feedback that cooled the climate even more.

Front 42

19.2
A 64 km^2 area was fertilized with 445 kg of iron, which resulted in a ___of phytoplankton biomass & a _____ _____ in NPP. NPP was much ___ in the iron plume.

Back 42

doubling
fourfold increase
NPP higher in the iron plume

Front 43

19.2
The ____ growth rate of plants influences temporal variation in net primary productivity and ecosystem response to climatic variation.

Back 43

intrinsic

Front 44

19.2
NPP in aquatic ecosystems is controlled by ____ ____
particularly ____&_____

Back 44

nutrient availability
phosphorous & nitrogen.

Front 45

Global Patterns of NPP
CONCEPT 19.3
Global patterns of net primary production reflect ____ controls and ____ types.

Back 45

climatic controls
biome types

Front 46

19.3
Total terrestrial & oceanic NPP are ____ _____.

Back 46

nearly equal.

Front 47

19.3
Global NPP estimated to be 105 petagrams(1 Pg=10^15g)of __/yr.
54% of this ___ is taken up by terrestrial ecosystems, 46% by ___ ____ in the oceans.
The avg rate of NPP for the ___ ___ (426g C/m^2/yr) is higher than for ___ (140g C/m^2/yr).

Back 47

carbon
primary producers
land surface higher than for ocean

Front 48

19,3
Highest rates of land NPP found in ____.
NPP _____ in arid regions at about 25⁰ N & S.

Back 48

the tropics.
decreases

Front 49

19.3
Terrestrial NPP rises again at _____.
Oceanic NPP peaks at ____, where zones of ____ are found.
____ bring nutrient-rich deep water to the surface.

Back 49

mid-latitudes.
mid-latitudes,
upwelling
Upwellings

Front 50

19.3
Differences among ____ in NPP reflect ____ & ____ variation.

Back 50

biomes
climatic & biotic

Front 51

19.3
Variation in NPP among terrestrial biomes is associated mostly with differences in ___ ___ ___ & length of ___ season. Tropical forests & savannas contribute about ____ of terrestrial NPP ( __ of global NPP).

Back 51

leaf area index
growing
60% terrestrial NPP (30% global).

Front 52

Secondary Production
CONCEPT 19.4
Secondary production is generated through the consumption of _____ matter by _______.

Back 52

organic
heterotrophs.

Front 53

19.4
Heterotrophs are characterized by their ____.
Heterotroph diets can be determined from the ___ composition of food sources.

Back 53

diet.
isotopic

Front 54

19.4
Net secondary production is ___ to heterotroph growth.
Net secondary production =
ingestion-respiration-egestion

Back 54

equal
Net secondary production depends on the "quality" of the heterotroph's food (digestibility & nutrient content), & physiology.

Front 55

19.4
Net secondary production in most ecosystems is a ___ ___ of NPP. The fraction is ____ in aquatic ecosystems than terrestrial. Most is associated with ___, primarily ___&___.

Back 55

small fraction of NPP.
greater
detritivores, primarily bacteria and fungi.