Ch 19 Digestive System

Front 1

Bacteria ferment any remaining carbohydrates and release what 3 gases?

Back 1

hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane gases

Front 2

The passage of chyme from the ileum into the cercum is regulated by the _____ _____

Back 2

ileocecal sphincter

Front 3

A fold of mucous membrane in the midline of the udersurface of the tongue

Back 3

Lingual frenulum

Front 4

____ refers to the movement of small molecules through the absorptive epithelial cells of the mucosa into underlying blood vessels

Back 4

Absorption

Front 5

In the ____ stage food is pushed through the esophagus by a process call peristalsis.

Back 5

esophageal

Front 6

After food has entered the stomach the lower esophageal sphincter fails to close adequately and the stomach contents back up to the lower esophagus

Back 6

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Front 7

Inferior to the ileocecal sphincter is the first segment of the large instestine called the ____

Back 7

cecum

Front 8

Open end of the Cecum merges with the longest portion of the large intestine called the ____

Back 8

Colon

Front 9

Large intestine has 4 principal regions which are

Back 9

cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

Front 10

Most lipid digestion occurs in the ____

Back 10

small intestine

Front 11

___ splits maltose into 2 molecules of glucose

Back 11

maltase

Front 12

Gentle rippling peristalic movements of the musclularis?

Back 12

Mixing waves

Front 13

secretion of mucus, cheif and parietal cells are called?

Back 13

gastric juice

Front 14

between the pylonis and duodenum is the?

Back 14

pylonic sphincter

Front 15

inferior to the fundus is the large central portion of the stomach called?

Back 15

body

Front 16

the ____ is a j-shaped enlargement of the GI tract directly below the diaphragm

Back 16

stomach

Front 17

when food is passed through the esophagus by a processed called?

Back 17

peristalsis

Front 18

Reflux of acid from the stomach can irritate the esophageal wall casing a burning sensation known as____?

Back 18

heartburn

Front 19

regulates the movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach

Back 19

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Front 20

___ ____ begins the breakdown of starch by breaking particular chemical bonds between the glucose subunits

Back 20

salivary amyles

Front 21

__ are the teeth closest to the midline, are chisel shaped, and are adapted for cutting food.

Back 21

Incisors

Front 22

____ have two cusps to crush and grind food.

Back 22

premolars

Front 23

The ___ teeth begin at 6 months and 1 pair appears each month thereafter

Back 23

deciduous

Front 24

narrow extensions of the pulp cavity runs through the root of the tooth and are called ___

Back 24

root canals

Front 25

Another name for ginivae is ___

Back 25

gums

Front 26

____ forms the majority of the tooth

Back 26

dentin

Front 27

Bone-like substances attached to the root and covers dentin?

Back 27

cementum

Front 28

the ___ glands are found on the floor of the mouth

Back 28

sub-mandibular

Front 29

what are the 3 types of salivary glands?

Back 29

parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands

Front 30

The ___ forms the floor of the oral cavity?

Back 30

tongue

Front 31

____ forms the roof of the mouth

Back 31

hard palate

Front 32

The pancreas is made up of small clusters of glandular epithelial cells, most of which are arranged in clusters called ___?

Back 32

acini

Front 33

The cells within acini secrete a mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes called ____ ____

Back 33

pancreatic juice

Front 34

___ ____ is a starch digesting enzyme

Back 34

pancreatic amylase

Front 35

What is the second largest organ in the body?

Back 35

liver

Front 36

Liver cells are called _____

Back 36

hepatocytes

Front 37

Bile ducts merge and eventually form what?

Back 37

Right and left hepatic ducts

Front 38

The principal bile pigment derived from heme?

Back 38

bilirubin

Front 39

The ____ is important in maintaining normal glucose level

Back 39

liver

Front 40

The breakdown of large lipid globules into a suspension of small lipid globules is called ___

Back 40

emulsification

Front 41

The skin, liver, and kidneys participate in synthesizing active forms of ___ __

Back 41

Vitamin D

Front 42

What minerals are stored in the liver?

Back 42

iron and copper

Front 43

Fingerlike projections of the mucosa that increase the surface area of the intestinal epithelium is called ___

Back 43

villi

Front 44

____ occurs in the large intestines at a slower rate than in other portions of the GI tract

Back 44

peristalsis

Front 45

What are the vitamins needed for normal metabolism?

Back 45

some B vitamins and vitamin K

Front 46

____ breaks sucrose into a molecule of flucose and a molecule of fructose

Back 46

sucrase

Front 47

Attached to the cecum is a twisted coiled tube called the ____

Back 47

appendix

Front 48

What are the 4 portions the colon is divided into?

Back 48

acending, transverse, decending, sigmoid

Front 49

this part of the peritoneum binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

Back 49

mesentery

Front 50

Networks of neruons that are part of the enteric nervous system are located where?

Back 50

submucosa

Front 51

The ability of the GI tract to mix and move material along its lenght is?

Back 51

Motility

Front 52

Name 6 basic processes of digestion

Back 52

ingestion, secretion, mixing, digestion, absorption, defecation

Front 53

The mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestines are all organs of ____ _____

Back 53

Gastrointestinal Tract

Front 54

Chemical digestion in small intestine depends on activities from what?

Back 54

pancreas, liver, gall bladder

Front 55

The protein digesting enzymes are produced in a ____ form to keep them from digesting in the pancreas

Back 55

Inactive

Front 56

The _____ tract is a continuous tube that extends from mouth to anus.

Back 56

Gastrointestinal

Front 57

____ have 3 or more blunt cusps to crush & grind food.

Back 57

molars

Front 58

What do teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder & pancreas serve as?

Back 58

accessory digestive organs

Front 59

A typical tooth has 3 major external regions which are:

Back 59

crown
root
neck

Front 60

The 4 layers of GI tract:

Back 60

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa (a.k.a. visceral peritoneum)

Front 61

The hardest substance of the body?

Back 61

enamel

Front 62

A connective tissue (in teeth)containing blood vessels, nerves & lymphatic vessels.

Back 62

pulp

Front 63

_____ are next to incisors and have one pointed surface to tear food.

Back 63

cuspids

Front 64

mechanical digestion in the mouth results from chewing, also called _______.

Back 64

mastication

Front 65

The _____ surrounds to superior opening of the stomach.

Back 65

cardia

Front 66

The narrow most inferior region of the stomach is called?

Back 66

pylorus

Front 67

Thick liquid w/ the consistency of pea soup.

Back 67

chyme

Front 68

When the stomach is empty the mucosa lies in the large folds called?

Back 68

ruggae

Front 69

Chemical digestion in the small intestine depends on activities of these 3 things:

Back 69

Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder

Front 70

An enzyme in pancreatic juice that acts in the small intestine?

Back 70

pancreatic amylase

Front 71

The process of taking food & liquids into mouth?

Back 71

ingestion

Front 72

____ is used to make bile salts.

Back 72

cholesterol

Front 73

Regulates the movement of food from the pharynx into the esophagus?

Back 73

upper esophageal sphincter

Front 74

_____ teeth appear b/w age 6 & adulthood. There are 32 in a complete set.

Back 74

permanent

Front 75

The ____ duct unites bile from liver & gallbladder forming the common duct to duodenum.

Back 75

pancreatic

Front 76

The endocrine portion of pancreas.

Back 76

pancreatic islets

Front 77

Highly permeable capillaries in liver.

Back 77

sinusoid

Front 78

Right & left hepatic ducts unite & exit liver as _____.

Back 78

common hepatic duct

Front 79

The common hepatic duct joins ___ to form common bile duct.

Back 79

cystic duct

Front 80

______ may cause obstruction to flow of bile from gallbladder into duodenum.

Back 80

gallstones

Front 81

The liver functions as a regulator of metabolism for what 3 things:

Back 81

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins

Front 82

Accessory digestive organs located in bony sockets of mandible & maxillae.

Back 82

teeth

Front 83

Exhalation begins when _____ & external intercostals relax.

Back 83

diaphragm

Front 84

The ____ glands are beneath the tongue.

Back 84

sublingual

Front 85

The parotid glands are found b/w what?

Back 85

skin and masseter muscle

Front 86

During swallowing, the ____ moves upward which prevents entry of swallowed foods & lipids into nasal cavity.

Back 86

uvula

Front 87

Peritonis is an acute _____ of the peritoneum.

Back 87

inflammation

Front 88

The ______ ______ drapes over the transverse colon & small intestine like a "fatty apron."

Back 88

Greater Omentum

Front 89

______ refers to infrequent or difficult defacation caused by decreased motility fo the intestines.

Back 89

constipation

Front 90

A pear-shaped sac that hangs from the lower front margin of the liver.

Back 90

gallbladder

Front 91

The liver stores what vitamins?

Back 91

K, A, D & E

Front 92

Tiny projections fo the plasma membrane of absorptive cells that increase the surface area of these cells.

Back 92

microvilli

Front 93

Duodenum, jejunum & ileum are all portions of the ______ _______.

Back 93

small intestine