Ch. 19 Chem (Bella)

Front 1

What are the 3 different types of Transport through cell membranes?

Back 1

1. Diffusion (passive transport)
2. Facilitated transport
3. Active Transport

Front 2

What is Diffusion transport?

Back 2

-passive transport
-higher to lower concentration to reach equilibrium
-still movement but no net change

Front 3

What is facilitated transport?

Back 3

must have protein channels to increase the rate of diffusion

Front 4

What is Active Transport?

Back 4

-moves ions against a concentration gradient
-requires energy (ATP)

Front 5

What does bile salts synthesized from?

Back 5

cholesterol

Front 6

Where does bile salt stored into?

Back 6

gall bladder

Front 7

What is the function of bile salt?

Back 7

emulsify fats and oils to give a greater surface area for lipid digesting enzymes

Front 8

Where does bile salt secretion happen?

Back 8

gastrointestinal tract

Front 9

What is ampypathic?

Back 9

molecule that have a polar end and a nonpolar end

Front 10

What can Bile salt and cholesterol form?

Back 10

gallstones

Front 11

What does cholesterol produced?

Back 11

steroid hormone

Front 12

Steroid hormones include what type of sex hormones?

Back 12

1. androgens in male and estrodiol in females
2. aldosterone
-controls elecrolytes and water balance by kidneys
3. cortisone
-increases blood glucose levels and stimulate the synthesis of glycogen in the liver

Front 13

what is anabolic steroids derivatives of?

Back 13

testosterone

Hint 13

slide 55

Front 14

What is a natural hormone and what is a synthetic steroids?

Back 14

aldosterone = natural hormone
cortisone = synthetic steroids

Hint 14

slide 57

Front 15

what has a structure with a small weakly polar "head" and two long, nonpolar "tails"?

Back 15

biological wax
-ex: plant leaves have a biological wax coating to prevent excessive loss of water

Hint 15

slide 59 & 60

Front 16

What lipids are stored for use when energy demand is high?

Back 16

triglycerides
-ex: fats and oils

Hint 16

slide 61

Front 17

What lipids are structural components of cell membranes?

Back 17

phospholipids, cholesterol, sphingoglycolllipids

Hint 17

slide 61

Front 18

what lipids that stabilized and disperse water-insoluble materials in aqueous solution?

Back 18

bile acids

Hint 18

slide 61

Front 19

What regulatory lipid that act in the tissue where they are synthesized or at other locations after transport via the blood stream?

Back 19

Messenger lipids

1. steroid hormones
-sex hormones
-adrenocorticoids

Hint 19

slide 62

Front 20

what lipids is water-insoluble, water-repellent lipids with protective-coating and lubricant functions?

Back 20

biological waxes

Hint 20

slide 62

Front 21

What are lipids?

Back 21

1. contain fatty acids or steroid nucleus
2. soluble in organic solvents but not in water
3. greek work lipos meaning "fat"
4. extracted from cells using organic (nonpolar) solvent

Hint 21

slide 2
1:18

Front 22

What are the roles of lipids?

Back 22

1. energy storage
2. membrane barriers
3. emulsification
4. messengers (hormones, etc)
5, protective coating (waxes)

Hint 22

slide 3 3:05

Front 23

What are the 2 types of lipids?

Back 23

1. lipids with fatty acids
-waxes
-fats and oils
-phospholipids
-sphingolipids
2. lipids without fatty acids
-steroids

Hint 23

slide 4
6:57

Front 24

What are fatty acids?

Back 24

-long chain carboxylic acids
-insoluble in water
-12-18 carbon in even number
-some have double bonds (unsaturated)

Hint 24

slide 6
17:35

Front 25

what does the melting point of fatty acid depend on?

Back 25

length of carbon chain and number of double bonds present

Hint 25

slide 7
18:50

Front 26

How are fatty acids formulas written?

Back 26

condensed and line-bond formulas
-CH3-(CH2)6-COOH
-CH3-CH2-Ch2-Ch2-Ch2-Ch2-Ch2-COOH
-CH3-Ch2-Ch2-Ch2-Ch2-Ch2-Ch2-C=(double bonded O)-OH
-___--__--__--__--__--__double bonded O,-OH

Hint 26

slide 8
19:32

Front 27

What are saturated fatty acids?

Back 27

C-C bonds

Hint 27

slide 19
19:55

Front 28

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

Back 28

one or more C=C bonds
note: Cis are double bonds

Hint 28

slide 9
19:55

Front 29

What are the properties of fatty acids?

Back 29

-mostly are C-C (saturated)
-closely packed
-strong attractions between chains
-high melting points (melting points increase when chain gets longer)
-solid at room temperature

Hint 29

slide 10
21:44

Front 30

What are the properties of unsaturated fatty acids?

Back 30

- C=C bonds
- nonlinear chains not packed closely
-few interactions between chains
-low melting points (decrease when double bond decrease)
-liquid at room temperature

Hint 30

slide 11
22:24

Front 31

describe the structure of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Back 31

- saturated fit closely in regular pattern
- unsaturated have cis double bonds

Hint 31

slide 12
23:26

Front 32

what is the product of triple esterification reaction between glycerol and three molecules of stearic acid?

Back 32

3 molecules of water

Hint 32

slide 15
27:14

Front 33

What is used in foods as an artificial fat?

Back 33

olestra

Hint 33

slide 21
34:10

Front 34

What is not broken down in the intestinal tract?

Back 34

olestra

Hint 34

slide 21
34:10

Front 35

What is sucrose linked by ester bonds to several long chain fatty chains?

Back 35

olestra

Hint 35

slide 21
34:10

Front 36

triacylglycerols are similar to what functional group?

Back 36

alkenes and esters

Hint 36

slide 22
36:56

Front 37

What happen to triacylglycerols when it undergoes hydrogenation?

Back 37

double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids react with hydrogen in the presence of a Ni or Pt catyalyst to form single bonds

Hint 37

slide 22
36:56

Front 38

What happens to triacylglycerols when it undergoes hydrolysis?

Back 38

ester bonds are split by water in the presence of an acid, a base, or enzyme

Hint 38

slide 22
36:56

Front 39

during hydrogenation what does cis double bonds convert to ?

Back 39

trans double bonds

Hint 39

slide 26
39:13

Front 40

What happens when triglycerides undergoes hydrolysis?

Back 40

it split into glycerol and three fatty acids with H+ or enzyme catalyst

Hint 40

slide 27
41:13

Front 41

what form when carbon-carbon double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids are oxidized?

Back 41

aldehydes and carboxylic acids
-oils go "rancid, bad odors

Hint 41

slide 28
42:20

Front 42

What is the saponification process of fatty acids?

Back 42

-hydrolysis with strong base
-triglycerides split into glycerol and the salts of fatty acids
-the salts of fatty acids are "soap"
-KOH gives softer soap

Hint 42

slide 29

Front 43

what lipid contain one or more fatty acids, a phosphate group, a platform molecule to which the fatty acids and the phosphate group are attached, and an alcohol attached to the phosphate group?

Back 43

phospholipids

Hint 43

slide 32
46:29

Front 44

What is glycerolphospholipids?

Back 44

1. most abundant in cell membranes
2. compose of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phsphate, and amino alcohol
3. has polar and nonpolar regions

Hint 44

slide 33
46:55

Front 45

what phospholipids that have an amide bond between a fatty acid and sphingosine, and 18 carbon alcohol?

Back 45

sphingophospholipids

Hint 45

slide 36
49:00

Front 46

What bond does glycosphingolipids contain?

Back 46

monosaccharides bond to -OH of a sphingosine by a glycosidic bond

Hint 46

slide 37
49:12

Front 47

how many monosaccharide does cerebrosides contain?

Back 47

one monosaccharide

Hint 47

slide 37
49:12

Front 48

what are gangliosides?

Back 48

similar to cerebrosides but have two more monosaccharides

Hint 48

slide 37
49:12

Front 49

What are lipoprotein?

Back 49

-combine protein and phospholipids
-soluble in water due to surface consists of polar lipids

Hint 49

slide 41
52:30

Front 50

What is LDL and HDL?

Back 50

LDL= low density (more fat than protein)
HDL =high density (more protein)

Hint 50

slide 41
52:30

Front 51

What is the function of cell membrane?

Back 51

separate cellular content from external enviironment "barrier"

Hint 51

slide 47
1:01:36

Front 52

What does the cell membrane consist of?

Back 52

-lipid bilayer made of two rows of phospholipids
- iner portion made of nonpolar tails of phospholipids with a polar heads at the outer and inner surface

Hint 52

slide 47
1:01:36

Front 53

What does the lipid bilyer of a cell membrane contain?

Back 53

proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol

Hint 53

slide 48
1:02:28

Front 54

The fluid-like of the cell membrane is due to what?

Back 54

unsaturated fatty acids

Hint 54

slide 48
1:02:28

Front 55

What communicate with hormones and neurotransmitters in the cell membrane?

Back 55

proteins and carbohydrates

Hint 55

slide 48
1:02:28