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193 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Colon cancer
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adenocarcinoma of the colon
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esophagus cancer
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esophageal carcinoma
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liver cancer (2)
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hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoma
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stomach cancer
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gastric adenocarcinoma
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adrenal gland cancer (2)
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carcinoma of the adrenals, adrenocortical carcinoma
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breast cancer
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carcinoma of the breast
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pancreas (2)
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carcinoma of the pancreas, pancreatic adenocarcinoma
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prostate cancer
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carcinoma of the prostate
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salivary gland cancer
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adenoid cystic carcinoma
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thyroid cancer
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carcinoma of the thyroid
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kidney cancer (2)
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renal cell carcinoma, hypernephroma
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bladder cancer
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transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
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lung cancer (4)
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bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma of the lung, small (oat) cell carcinoma of the lung, squamous cell (epidermoid) lung cancer
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uterine cancer (2)
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adenocarcinoma of the uterus, choriocarcinoma of the uterus
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penile cancer
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carcinoma of the penis
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testicular cancer (3)
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choriocarcinoma of the testes, seminoma, embryonal cell carcinoma
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ovarian cancer (2)
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mucinous or serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovaries
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skin cancers (3)
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basal cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma (melanocyte), squamous cell carcinoma
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bone cancer (2)
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osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma), ewing sarcoma
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muscle cancer (2)
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leiomyosarcoma (smooth, visceral), rhabdomyosarcoma (striated, skeletal)
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cancer of the cartilage
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chondrosarcoma
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cancer of fat
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liposarcoma
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cancer of fibrous tissue
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fibrosarcoma
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cancer of blood vessel tissue
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angiosarcoma
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blood cancer
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leukemia
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lymph cancer (5)
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lymphomas: hodgkin disease, non-hodgkin lymphomas: follicular, diffuse large cell, burkitt, anaplastic large cell
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bone marrow cancer (plasma cells)
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multiple myeloma
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nerve tissue cancers (4)
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neuroblastoma, astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme, gastrointestinal stromal tumor
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kidney cancer (2)
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wilms tumor, embryonal adenosarcoma
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mixed tissue tumors of the ovaries and testes
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teratoma
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cystic tumor
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tumor forming large open spaces filled with fluid
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mucinous tumor
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cystic tumor filled with mucus
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serous tumor
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cystic tumor filled with watery fluid
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fungating tumor
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mushrooming pattern of tumor growth in which tumor cells pile one on top of another and project from a tissue surface - often found in colon
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inflammatory tumor
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tumor wtih redness, swelling and heat, resulting from tumor blockage of the lymphatic drainage of the skin, as in breast cancer
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medullary tumor
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large, soft, fleshy tumor - some breast and thyroid
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necrotic tumor
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tumor containing dead tissue, formed when tumor outgrows its blood supply
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polypoid tumor
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tumor growths project outward from a base, often in colon
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sessile polypoid tumor
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polypoid tumor that extend from a broad base
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peduculated polypoid tumor
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polypoid tumor that extend from a stem or stalk
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ulcerating tumor
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tumor with open exposed surface resulting from death of overlying tissue
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verrucous tumor
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tumor resembling a wart-like growth - common in gum tumors
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alveolar tumor
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tumor cells form patterns resembling small sacs - common in muscle, bone, fat and cartilage
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carcinoma in situ
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localized tumor cells that have not invaded adjacent structures - common in early cervical cancer
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diffuse tumor cells
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cancer spreading evenly through affected tissue - found in malignant lymphomas
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dysplastic tumor cells
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abnormal-appearing cells - not clearly cancerous - forerunners of cancer
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epidermoid tumor cells
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tumor cells resemble squamous epithelial cells (thin, platelike) - respiratory tract
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follicular tumor
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tumor forms small glandular sacs - as in thyroid gland cancer or lymphoma
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papillary tumor
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tumor forms in small, finger-like, or nipple-like projections of cells - bladder, thyroid
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pleomorphic tumor
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tumor composed of a variety of cell types - mixed cell tumors
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scirrhous tumor
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densely packed tumors, containing dense bands of fibrous tissue - breast, stomach
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undifferentiated tumor
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tumor lacking microscopic structures typical of normal mature cells
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tumor grade
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degree of maturity of tumor under microscope
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tumor stage
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extent of tumors spread through the body
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TNM - international staging system
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T=size and degree of local extension of tumor, N=number of regional lymph nodes invaded, M=number of metastases
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adjuvant therapy
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assisting primary treatment - drugs given early in the course of treatment along with surgery or radiation to catch undetected cancer cells
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alkylating agents
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synthetic chemicals containing alkyl groups that attack DNA, causing strand breaks
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anaplasia
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loss of differentiation fo cells - reversion to a more primitive cell type
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angiogenesis
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process of forming new blood vessels
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antibiotics
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chemical substances produced by bacteria or primitive plants, inhibit the growth of cells, and are used in chemotherapy
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antimetabolites
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chemicals that prevent cell division by inhibiting formation of substances necessary to make DNA - used in chemotherapy
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apoptosis
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programmed cell death, ability lost by some cancerous cells
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benign tumor, neoplasm
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noncancerous growth (2)
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biological response modifiers
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substances produced by normal cells that block tumor growth, or stimulate the immune system to fight cancer
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brachytherapy
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radiotherapy that uses insertion of sealed containers into body cavities, or radioactive seeds directly into the tumor
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biological therapy
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use of the body's own defenses to destroy tumor cells
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carcinogens (4 ex.)
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agents that cause cancer: chemicals, drugs, radiation, viruses
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carcinoma
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cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin
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cellular oncogenes
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pieces of DNA that, when activated by mutations or disclocation, cause a normal cell to become malignant
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chemotherapy
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treatment with drugs
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combination chemotherapy
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use of several chemotherapeutic agents together for the treatment of tumors
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dedifferentiation
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loss of differentiation of cells - reversion to a more primitive embryonic cell type
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid - genetic material within the nucleus of a cell, controls cell division and protein synthesis
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differentiating agents
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drugs that promote tumor cells to differentiate, stop growing, and die
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differentiation
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specialization of cells
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electron beams
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low-energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors
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encapsulated
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surrounded by a capsule - as with benign tumors
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external beam irradiation
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applying radiation to a tumor from a source outside the body
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fields
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dimensions of the area of the body undergoing irradiation
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fractionation
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giving radiation in small repeated doses
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genetic screening
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family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene
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gray (Gy)
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unit of absorbed radiation dose (name and abbrev.)
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gross description of tumors (8 ex)
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visual appearance of tumors to the naked eye: cystic, fungating, inflammatory, medullary, necrotic, polypoid, ulcerating, verrucous
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infiltrative
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extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues
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invasive
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having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue
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irradiation
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exposure to any form of radiant energy such as light, heat or x-rays
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linear accelerator
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large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors
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malignant tumor
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a tumor having the characteristics of continuuous growth, invasiveness, and metastasis
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mesenchymal
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embryonic connective tissue, from which bone, muscle, fat and cartilage arise
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metastasis
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spread of a malignant tumor to a secondary site
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genetic screening
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family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene
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gray (Gy)
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unit of absorbed radiation dose (name and abbrev.)
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gross description of tumors (8 ex)
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visual appearance of tumors to the naked eye: cystic, fungating, inflammatory, medullary, necrotic, polypoid, ulcerating, verrucous
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infiltrative
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extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues
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invasive
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having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue
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irradiation
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exposure to any form of radiant energy such as light, heat or x-rays
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linear accelerator
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large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors
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malignant tumor
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a tumor having the characteristics of continuuous growth, invasiveness, and metastasis
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mesenchymal
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embryonic connective tissue, from which bone, muscle, fat and cartilage arise
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metastasis
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spread of a malignant tumor to a secondary site
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microscopic description of tumors (10 ex.)
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appearance of tumors under microscope: alveolar, carcinoma in sity, diffuse, dysplastic, epidermoid, follicular, papillary, pleomorphic, scirrhous, undifferentiated
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mitosis
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replication of cells
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mixed-tissue tumors
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tumors composed of different types of tissues (epithelial and connective)
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modality
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method of treatment such as surgery, chemotherapy or irradiation
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molecularly targeted drugs
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anticancer drugs designed to block the function of growth factors, their receptors and signaling pathways in tumor cells
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morbidity
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condition of being unwell,
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mucinous
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containing mucus
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mutation
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change in genetic material of a cell
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neoplasm
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new growth, benign or malignant tumors
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nucleotide
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unit of DNA, sequences of which form the genetic code
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oncogene
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region of DNA in tumor cells or in viruses that cause cancer
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palliative
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relieving but not curing symptoms
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pharmacokinetics
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study of the distribution in and the removal of drugs from the body over time
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photon therapy
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radiation therapy using energy in the form of x-rays or gamma rays
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protocol
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detailed plan for treatment of an illness
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proton therapy
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subatomic positively charged particles deposit a dose of radiation at a tightly focused point in the body
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radiation
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energy carried by a stream of particles
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radiocurable tumor
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tumor that is destroyed by radiation therapy
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radioresistant tumor
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tumor that requires large doses of radiation to be destroyed
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radiosensitive tumor
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tumor in which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue
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radiosensitizers
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drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays
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radiotherapy
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treatment of tumors using doses of radiation
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relapse
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recurrence of tumor after treatment
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remission
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partial or complete disappearance of symptoms of disease
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RNA
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ribonucleic acid - copy of DNA, directs the formation oof new protein inside cells
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sarcoma
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cancerous tumor derived from connective or flesh tissue
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serous
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having the appearance of a thin watery fluid
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sessile
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having no stem - characteristic of some polypoid tumors
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simulation
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study using CT scan or MRI to map treatment before RT is given
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RT
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radiation therapy (abr)
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solid tumor
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tumor composed of a mass of cell
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sterotactic radiosurgery
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delivery of a dose of radiation under highly precise guidance (used for brain tumors)
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surgical procedures to treat cancer - (7)
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cryosurgery, cauterization, en bloc resection, excisional biopsy, exenteration, fulguration, incisional biopsy
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viral oncogenes
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pieces of DNA from viruses that infect a normal cell and cause it to become malignant
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virus
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an infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host's genetic material to make copies of itself
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alveol/o
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R. small sac
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cac/o
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R. bad
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cachexia
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general ill health and malnutrition associated with chronic severe disease
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carcin/o
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R. cancer, cancerous
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cauter/o
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R. burn, heat
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chem/o
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R. chemical, drug
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cry/o
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R. cold
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cyst/o
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R. sac of fluid
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fibr/o
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R. fibers
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follicul/o
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R. small glandular sacs
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fung/i
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R. fungus, mushroom
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medull/o
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R. soft inner part
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mucos/o
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R. mucous membrane
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mut/a
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R. genetic change
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mutagen/o
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R. causing genetic change
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necr/o
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R. death
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onc/o
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R. tumor
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papill/o
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R. nipple like
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pharmac/o
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R. chemical, drug, not chem/o
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plas/o
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R. formation
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ple/o
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R. many, more
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polyp/o
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R. polyp
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prot/o
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R. first
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radi/o
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R. rays
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sarc/o
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R. flesh, connective tissue
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scirrh/o
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R. hard
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xer/o
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R. dry
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-blastoma
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S. immature tumor
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-genesis
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S. formation
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-oma
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S. tumor, mass
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-plasia, -plasm
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S. formation, growth (2)
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-suppression
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S. to stop
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-therapy
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S. treatment
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ana-
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P. backward
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apo-
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P. off, away
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brachy-
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P. short (distance)
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epi-
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P. upon
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meta-
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P. beyond, change
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tele-
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P. far
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cauterization
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process of burning tissue to destroy it
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core needle biopsy
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large bore needle extracts thin core of tissue
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cryosurgery
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use of subfreezing temperature to destroy tissue
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en bloc resection
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tumor is removed along with a large area of surrounding tissue containing lymph nodes - radical mastectomy, colectomy, gastrectomy
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excisional biopsy
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removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue
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exenteration
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wide resection involving removal of tumor, its organ of origin, and all surrounding tissue in the body space.
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fine needle aspiration
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very thin needle insidde tumor mass extracts cells for microscopic evaluation
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fulguration
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destruction of tissue by electric spaks
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incisional biopsy
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piece of tumor is surgically removed
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cytogenetic analysis
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chromosomes of normal or tumor cells are examined for breaks, translocations, or delections of DNA
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immunohistochemistry
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localizing antigens or proteins in tissues using labeled antibodies - allows for evaluation of the presence and amount of specific molecules in normal and tumor cells
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protein marker tests
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measure the level of proteins in the blood or on the surface of tumor cells - diagnose cancer, or detect recurrence
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bone marrow biopsy
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aspiration of bone marrow tissue and examination under microscope for evidence of malignant cells
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bone marrow or stem cell transplantation
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bone marrow or stem cells are infused intravenously into a patient
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fiberoptic colonoscopy
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visual examination of the colon using a fiberoptic instrument - screens for cancer and premalignant polyps
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exfoliative cytology
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cells are scraped from the region of suspected disease and examined under a microscope
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laparoscopy
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visual examination of the abdominal cavity using small incisions and a ----scope
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mammography
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xray exam of the breast to detect cancer
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radionuclide scans
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radioactive substances are injected intravenously and scans of organs are obtained to detect tumors or metastases
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