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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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systemic circulation
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takes oxygenated blood from the left ventricle through the aorta to all parts of the body, including some lung tissue (but does not supply the air sacs of the lungs) and returns the deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
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pulmonary circulation
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carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to capillaries surrounding air sacs in lungs, then returns it to the left atrium
vessels include: pulmonary trunk, arteries and veins |
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differences between pulmonary and systemic circulation
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pulmonary arteries are larger and thinner, with less elastic tissue; resistance is lower & pulmonary blood pressure reduced (to give time to pick up O2 and release CO2)
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part of brain that controls heart activity
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medulla oblongata; controls heart rate, contractility; and vessel diameter
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path of blood flow in case of injury
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anastomosis/anastomosis aka collateral circulation
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causes of vasoconstriction
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Epinephrine & norepinephrine which causes increase BP to the skin and abdominal organs
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causes of vasoconstriction
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Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system “kicks in” when there is a decrease in BP or decreased blood flow to kidney
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causes of vasoconstriction
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ADH - anti diuretic hormone which causes water retention, thus increase blood volume thus increase blood pressure
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causes of vasodilation
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ANP - which cause the release of salt and water thus decreasing blood volume and thus blood pressure
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causes of vasodilation
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epinephrine & norepinephrine which causes vasodilation in cardiac and skeletal muscle
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causes of vasodilation
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physical - warming and decrease in vascular stretching promotes vasodilation; chemical - system vessels dilate in response to low levels of O2.
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EKG/ECG
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recording of the electrical (nerve) signals
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as they travel through the heart
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EKG/ECG
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abnormal conducting pathway, heart enlargement, damaged areas of the heart, causes of chest pain
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hypertension
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High blood pressure. In blood vessels, causes thickening of the tunica media, accelerates development of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease and increases systemic vascular resistance
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hypertension
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In the heart, it increases the afterload, which forces the ventricles to work harder to eject blood.
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Heart Rate Regulation
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(autonomic) sympathetic system increases HR, parasympathetic decreases heart rate;
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Cardiac Output
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amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute
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Stroke Volume
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amount of blood ejected from the ventricles with each contraction
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filtration
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pressure driven movment of fluids and solutes FROM blood capillaries INTO interstitial fluid.
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reabsorption
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pressure-driven movement of fluids and solutes FROM interstitial fluid INTO blood capillaries
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Two pressures that promote filtration
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Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (BHP) and Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP)
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Pressure promoting reabsorption
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blood colloid osmotic pressure
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balance of pressures involved in filtration and absorption
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Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)
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blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)
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within vessels, the hydrostatic pressure is due to the pressure that water in blood plasma exerts against blood vessel walls. “Pushes” fluid out of capillaries into interstitial fluid. Pressure generated by the pumping action of the heart.
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Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP)
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“pushes” fluid from interstitial spaces back into capillaries. Usually has a value of zero
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Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
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Force caused by the colloidal suspension of large plasma proteins . The effect is to “pull” fluid from interstitial spaces into capillaries.
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Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP)
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“pulls” fluid out of capillaries into interstitial fluid.
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Right side of heart
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Pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs; thinner walls; tricuspid valves
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Left side of heart
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Pumps oxygenated blood into the body; thicker walls; bicuspid valves
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Path of blood thru the Heart
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superior and inferior vena cavae right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary trunk right and left pulmonary arteries to lungs pulmonary veins from lungs left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta
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Phases of heart Cycle
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systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) of the atria…followed by systole and diastole of the ventricles
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Composition of Blood
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blood plasma (liquid matrix that contains dissolved substances) and formed elements (platelets, RBC and WBC)
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Buffy Coat
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After blood is centrifuged, the thin white layer of formed elements between the plasma and RBCs, which contains WBCs and platelets.
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White Blood Cells
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include neutrophils, lymphocytes, monoctyes, eosinophils, basophils
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Red Blood Cells
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aka erythrocytes; contain the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin; biconcave discs.
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Functions of Blood
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1. Transportation of O2, CO2, wastes, hormones, nutrients and heat. 2. Regulation of pH, body temp and water. 3. Protection from disease and blood loss.
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Neutrophils
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WBC type, Granulocyte; phagocytosis. Destruction of bacteria.
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Eosinophils
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WBC type, Granulocyte; combat the effect of histamine in allegic reactions; phagocytize Ag-Ab complexs; destroys certain parasitic worms
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Basophils
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WBC type, granulocyte; liberate heparin,histamine and serotonin in allergic reaction that inensify the overall inflammatory response.
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Granulocyte
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WBC type that has granules under a light microscope
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Agranulocyte
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WBC type that does not contain granules under a light microscope
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Lymphocytes
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WBC type; agranulocyte; comprised of T-cells, B cells; and natural killer cells. Mediate immune responses, including Ag-Ab reactions.
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Monocyte
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WBC type, agranulocyte; phagocytosis.
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Platelets
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Form platelet plug in hemostasis; release of chemicals that promote vascular spasm and blood clotting.
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blood volume
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males 5-6 liters; females 4-5 liters
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blood pumped/min
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5 liters/min
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Angiogram
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invasive procedure used to obtain information about the coronary arteries. Catheter inserted into an artery in the groin or wrist and threaded under fluoroscopy
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Vaso vasorum
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small blood vessels that supply blood to the cells of the walls of arteries and veins
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sinusoids
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a large, thin-walled and leaky type of capillary, having large intercellular clefts that may allow proteins and blood cless to pass from a tissue into the bloodstream
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baroreceptors
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neuron capable of responding to changes in blood, air, or fluid pressure
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ABO Blood system
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based on two glycolipid antigens called A and B. People who display only angtgen A are type A; have antigen B are type B; who have both antigen A and B are AB and those who have neither are O.
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resistance factors in controlling blood pressure
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size of blood vessel lumen (diameter); blood viscosity; total blood vessel length
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fetal circulation
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oxygen from placenta reaches heart via fetal veins in umbilical cord; bypassing the liver; heart pumps oxygenated; blood to capillaries in all fetal tissues and lungs; umbilical arteries branch off iliac arteries to return blood to placenta
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hematocrit
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the % of blood made up of RBC. Usually measured by centrifuging a blood sample.
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4 divisions of aorta
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comes out of left ventricle. ascending aorta; arch of aorta; thoracic (descending aorta); abdominal aorta
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arch of aorta
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branches out to arms and head
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ascending aorta
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branches off the coronary arteries to feed the heart tissue
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thoracic aorta
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supplies branches to pericardium, esophagus, bronchi, diaphragm, intercostal & chest muscles, mammary gland, skin, vertebrae and spinal cord
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heart wall
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made up of the epicardium, myocardium and endocardium; walls of the atria are thin and the walls of the ventricles are thick, with the left ventricle the thickest.
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epicardium
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outer layer of the heart; mesothelim and connective tissues
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myocardium
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middle layer of the heart; cardiac muscle tissue
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endocardium
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inner layer of the heart; endothelium and connective tissues; smooth surface.
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arterial layers
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tunica initima - inner layer; tunica media - middle layer; tunica externa - outer layer
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capillaries
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site of transport and exchange of nutrients and waste between the blood and tissues
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sinusoids
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very large fenestrations; incomplete basement membrane: liver, bone marrow, spleen, anterior pituitary, & parathyroid gland
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capillary exchange
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materials that move in and out of a capillary by diffusing down their concentration gradient
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edema
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abnormal increase in interstitial fluid if filtration exceeds reabsorption
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pacemaker
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setting/maintaining the rhythm of the heart. (SA node is the pacemaker)
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heart sounds
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caused by blood flow. LUBB - the first sound; when the AV closes and ventricular systole begins. DUBB - when the SL valves closes at the end of ventricular systole.
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pericardium
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connective tissue that encloses the heart; it confines the heart to its position in the mediastinum Composed of two main parts: fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium.
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mediastinum
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the anatomical region on the thoracic cavity between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm
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hemodynamics
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the forces involved in circulating blood throughout the body; ad the blood vessels that constitute the major circulatory routes
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path of blood thru the heart
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superior and inferior vena cavae → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk → right and left pulmonary arteries to lungs → pulmonary veins from lungs → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta
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