Ch 18 Vocab Words

Front 1

Island communities

Back 1

The state of isolated American communities before the construction of the railways. When communities were absolutely self-sufficient and had little contact with the rest of the country.

Front 2

Credit Mobilier

Back 2

A construction company controlled by an inner ring on the Union Pacific used to award the company it's own lavish construction contracts.

Front 3

trunk lines

Back 3

The rail lines of the Baltimore and Ohio (B and O), Erie Railroad, New York Central Railroad and Pennsylvania Railroad. Used to connect the east, great lake regions and the far west.

Front 4

railroad gauge

Back 4

The distance between the rails, determining what kind of engine could run on it.

Front 5

J. Edgar Thomson

Back 5

Responsible for constructing the Pennsylvania Railroad.

Front 6

Thomas Scott

Back 6

Responsible for constructing the Pennsylvania Railroad.

Front 7

JP Morgan

Back 7

A banker and head of the New York investment house of J.P. Morgan and Company. Responsible for buying much of the failed railroads and reorganizing them into an effective rail system.

Front 8

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Back 8

An old millionaire responsible for constructing the New York Central Railroad. When he died the New York Central had more than 4500 miles of track.

Front 9

JD Rockefeller

Back 9

A young merchant from Cleveland who started the Standard Oil Company. Rockefeller methodically absorbed or destroyed all competition in Cleveland and other areas making him the largest oil man in America.

Front 10

Andrew Carnegie

Back 10

A Scottish Immigrant who revolutionized the steel industry by maximizing vertical integration to form Carnegie Steel.

Front 11

American Railway Association

Back 11

Established time zones in America

Front 12

George Pullman

Back 12

Invented the Pullman sleeping car for passenger trains.

Front 13

Vertical Intergration

Back 13

The process of consolidating all production processes, from extraction to marketing, in order to fully control the process of producing a product.

Front 14

Horizontal Consolidation (Integration)

Back 14

The process of buying out other corporations that one is in business with in order to gain a monopoly.

Front 15

Union Pacific and Central Pacific

Back 15

The two railroad companies responsible for constructing the two links of rail that would be the transcontinental railroad. The Union Pacific started on the East Coast and the Pacific started in California.

Front 16

Transcontinental Railroad

Back 16

A massive rail network that was responsible for linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Front 17

Bessemer Process

Back 17

A process of refining steel found by Henry Bessmer and William Kelly. Air would be forced into iron while being refined in order to from steel.

Front 18

“Trusts”

Back 18

A buyout of competing companies and consolidating them into one entity.

Front 19

Knights of Labor

Back 19

A union party that accepted all "producers" and fought for things like an eight hour workday and the end of child labor.

Front 20

US Steel Corporation

Back 20

The steel company formed by J.P. Morgan after buying out his main competitors in the market, the first ever billion dollar company.

Front 21

AFL

Back 21

The American Federation of Labor was a loose organization of national craft unions. It organized only skilled workers along craft lines and worked for specific practical objectives.

Front 22

Henry Clay Frick

Back 22

A partner of Andrew Carnegie who was responsible for hiring a small army of Pinkerton detectives and causing the Homestead Strike.

Front 23

Homestead Strike

Back 23

A strike put on by laborers at the Homestead steel plant over a 20% pay cut. It ended when the strikers gave up in November.

Front 24

Cyrus Field

Back 24

In 1886 improved the transatlantic cable linking the telegraph network of Europe and the U.S.

Front 25

Alexander Graham Bell

Back 25

A Scott who invented the telephone in 1871. It used electrical impulses to simulate sound that could be projected.

Front 26

Chinese Exclusion Act

Back 26

A law that banned the immigration of Chinese for a period of ten years.

Front 27

Haymarket Riot

Back 27

A strike that took place in Haymarket Square in Chicago, it ended in an unidentified individual throwing a bomb into a crowd of police officers.

Front 28

Northern Securities Company

Back 28

An important United States railroad trust formed in 1902 by E. H. Harriman, James J. Hill, J.P. Morgan, J. D. Rockefeller, and their associates. The company controlled the Northern Pacific Railway, Great Northern Railway, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, and other associated lines.

Front 29

Pullman Strike

Back 29

A workers strike that was broken up an injunction that forbade workers from interfering with their employers business with the ruling of the Supreme Court.

Front 30

George Eastman

Back 30

Founded the Eastman Kodak Company and invented roll film, helping to bring photography to the mainstream.

Front 31

Thomas Edison

Back 31

Responsible for inventing processes and products of comparable significance. Invented the phonograph in 1877.

Front 32

Chain Store

Back 32

Retail outlets that share a brand and central management, and usually have standardized business methods and practices.

Front 33

Mail Order Catalogs

Back 33

Magazines created by companies that specialized in shipping goods to customers. They displayed the goods for sale that could be bought through the mail.

Front 34

Rise in Advertising

Back 34

The advent of magazines, newspapers and other forms of print allowed companies to take out full page ads in order to attract business.

Front 35

Muller v Oregon

Back 35

A landmark decision in United States Supreme Court history, as it justifies both sex discrimination and usage of labor laws during the time period. The case upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health.

Front 36

Brandeis Brief

Back 36

A pioneering legal brief that was the first in United States legal history to rely not on pure legal theory, but also on analysis of factual data.

Front 37

Holden v Hardy

Back 37

A Supreme Court case that upheld a law limiting working hours for miners because their work was dangerous and long hours might increase injuries.

Front 38

Lochner v New York

Back 38

Made it illegal to limit the amount of time a baker could work because a baker was at far less risk for injury than a miner.

Front 39

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Back 39

Began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, United States and ended some 45 days later after it was put down by local and state militias, and federal troops.

Front 40

Upton Sinclair

Back 40

A Pulitzer Prize-winning American author who wrote over 90 books in many genres. He achieved popularity in the first half of the 20th century, acquiring particular fame for his 1906 muckraking novel The Jungle.

Front 41

“The Jungle”

Back 41

A 1906 novel written by author and journalist Upton Sinclair. Sinclair wrote the novel to highlight the plight of the working class and to show the corruption of the American meatpacking industry during the early-20th century.

Front 42

Jacob Riis

Back 42

A Danish American social reformer, muckraking journalist and social documentary photographer. He is known for his dedication to using his photographic and journalistic talents to help the impoverished in New York City, which was the subject of most of his prolific writings and photography.