Ch. 18 Endocrine System Pathology And Treatment

Front 1

goiter (2 types)

Back 1

enlargement of the thyroid gland, caused by lack of iodine, (endemic) or hyperplasia (nodular, adenomatous)

Front 2

hyperthyroidism, thyrotoxicosis

Back 2

overactivity of the thyroid gland (2 names)

Front 3

Graves disease 7 symptoms

Back 3

hyperthyroidism resulting from autoimmune processes, marked by increased heart rate, higher body temp, hyperactivity, weight loss, increased peristalsis, diarrhea, exophthalmos.

Front 4

exophthalmos, proptosis

Back 4

protrusion of eyeballs (2 names)

Front 5

hypothyroidism (4 causes, 7 symptoms)

Back 5

underactivity of the thyroid gland, caused by thyroidectomy, thyroiditis, endemic goiter, destruciton of the gland by radiation - symptoms are fatigue, muscular and mental sluggishness, weight gain, fluid retention, slow heart rate, low body temperature and constipation

Front 6

myxedema

Back 6

advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood, atrophy of thyroid, skin becomes dry and puffy, mucus collects under skin, atherosclerosis is common

Front 7

cretinism

Back 7

extreme hypothyroidism in infancy and childhood leads to lack of normal physical and mental growth

Front 8

thyroid carcinoma (2 tests)

Back 8

cancer of the thyroid, diagnosed by radioactive iodine scan, and biopsy

Front 9

hyperparathyroidism (5 symptoms, 2 causes)

Back 9

excessive production of parathormone, causing hypercalcemia, and damage to kidneys and heart, bone decalcification, osteoporosis, kidney stones, caused by tumor or hyperplasia

Front 10

hypoparathyroidism 4 symptoms, 1 cause

Back 10

deficient production of parathormone. Calcium is unable to enter bloodstream from bones. Leads to muscle and nerve weakness and spasms, tetany. caused by lack of vitamin D

Front 11

tetany

Back 11

constant muscle contractions

Front 12

adrenal virilism (4 symptoms, 3 causes), virilization

Back 12

excessive secretion of adrenal androgens in women - cause amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, deepening of the voice. caused by adrenal adenomas, carcinomas, and hyperplasia (2 names)

Front 13

hirsutism

Back 13

excessive hair on face and body in women

Front 14

cushing syndrome - 9 symptoms, 1 cause

Back 14

condition produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex - symptoms are obesity, moon-like fullness of the face, buffalo hump, hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, osteoporosis, virilization, and hypertension, caused by chronic use of steroids

Front 15

addison disease 7 symptoms

Back 15

hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex - symptoms are malaise, weakness, muscle atrophy, and severe loss of fluids and electrolytes - hypoglycemia, low blood pressure, hyperpigmentation
cause - autoimmune adrenalitis

Front 16

pheochromocytoma

Back 16

benign tumor of the edrenal medulla - produce excess secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine. symptoms are hypertension, palpitations, severe headaches, sweating, flushing of the face, muscle spasms.

Front 17

hyperinsulinism

Back 17

excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia, caused by tumor or overdose of insulin. symptoms are fainting spells, convulsions, loss of consciousness

Front 18

diabetes mellitus (DM)

Back 18

lack of insulin secretion, or resistance of insulin, type 1 and 2 - causing inability to regulate sugar levels in body

Front 19

Type 1 diabetes

Back 19

autoimmune disease in which pancreatic islet cells are destroyed causing complete deficiency of insulin. Onset in early childhood. Patients are thin and require frequent injections of insulin, and glucose monitoring with glucometer

Front 20

Type 2 diabetes

Back 20

deficiency of insulin, onset in adulthood, obesity is common, hypertryglyceridemia, inslin resistance, and high blood pressure, ketoacidosis, eye disorders, kidney destruction, atherosclerosis, peripherovascular ischemia, gangrene, destruction of nerves, loss of gastric motility.

Front 21

ketoacidosis - 2 symptoms

Back 21

fats are improperly burned leading to accumulation of ketones and acids in the body - upset stomach and vomiting

Front 22

insulin shock - 9 symptoms

Back 22

severe hypoglycemia caused by overdose of insulin, decreased intake of food, or excessive exercise. Symptoms are sweating, hunger, confusion, trembling, nervousness and numbness, convulsions, coma, loss of consciousness

Front 23

polyphagia

Back 23

excess hunger in diabetes caused by tissue breakdown

Front 24

polydipsia

Back 24

excessive thirst

Front 25

polyuria

Back 25

excessive urination caused by glycosuria

Front 26

diabetic retinopathy

Back 26

secondary complication of diabetes - destruction of blood vessels of the retina causing visual loss and blindness,

Front 27

diabetic nephropathy

Back 27

secondary complication of diabetes - destruction of kidneys

Front 28

diabetic neuropathy

Back 28

secondary complication of diabetes - destruction of nerves causing pain or loss of sensation

Front 29

peripherovascular ischemia

Back 29

secondary complication of diabetes causing gangrene, infection or loss of limbs

Front 30

gastroparesis

Back 30

secondary complication of diabetes - loss of gastric motility

Front 31

gestational diabetes

Back 31

diabetes occurring during pregnancy - usual subsides after delivery

Front 32

acromegaly

Back 32

hypersecretion of growth hormone from anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities - caused by adenomas of the pituitary gland - hands feet face and jaw grow abnormally large

Front 33

gigantism

Back 33

hypersecretion of GH from anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues, caused by tumor in pituitary

Front 34

dwarfism

Back 34

congenital hyposecretion of GH - bones remain small into adulthood

Front 35

achondroplastic dwarfism

Back 35

genetic defect in cartilage formation that limits the growth of long bones

Front 36

syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

Back 36

excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone, produces excess water retention in the body, caused by tumo, drug reactions and head injury.

Front 37

panhypopituitarism

Back 37

failure of pituitary gland to secrete all hormones - caused by tumors or arterial aneurysms

Front 38

diabetes insipidus (DI)

Back 38

insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone - kidneys are unable to reabsorb needed water and salts. Symptoms are polyuria and polydipsia

Front 39

fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test

Back 39

measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted for 8 hours - test for diabetes and pre-diabetes.

Front 40

glucose tolerance test

Back 40

test used to diagnose pre-diabetes and gestational diabetes

Front 41

glycosylated hemoglobin test

Back 41

measures long-term glucose control - last 3 months, indicates poor glucose control in diabetic patients

Front 42

serum and urine tests

Back 42

measurements of hormones, electrolytes, glucose and other substances in blood and urine ans indicators of endocrine funciton.

Front 43

7 serum tests

Back 43

growth hormone, somatomedin C, prolactin, gonadotropin, parathyroid horone, calcium, cortisol

Front 44

3 urine tests

Back 44

glucose, ketones, ketosteroids

Front 45

urinary microalbumin assay

Back 45

test measures small quantities of albumin in urine to indicate diabetic nephropathy

Front 46

thyroid function tests

Back 46

measurement of T3, T4, and TSH in bloodstream

Front 47

exophthalmometry

Back 47

measurement of eyeball protrusion as in Graves disease

Front 48

CT scan of endocrine glands

Back 48

xrays of glands in cross section to assess size and infiltration by tumor

Front 49

MRI

Back 49

magnetic waves produce images of hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate abnormalities

Front 50

radioactive iodine uptake scan (RAIU)

Back 50

radioactive iodine is administered orally, uptake by thyroid gland is imaged to assess thyroid function (name and abrev.)

Front 51

thyroid scan

Back 51

scanner detects radioactivity and visualized the thyroid gland after intravenous administraction of radioactive compound - nodules and tumors can be evaluated

Front 52

ultrasound examination

Back 52

sound waves show images of endocrine organs - best method to evaluate thyroid structures and abnormalities.