Ch 17

Front 1

Activating Group

Back 1

A substituent that makes the aromatic ring more reactive ( usually toward EAS) than benzene

Front 2

Acyl Group (R-C(=O)-O)

Back 2

A carbonyl group with an alkyl group attached

Front 3

Acyl Chloride

Back 3

an acyl group bonded to a chlorine atom RCOCl.

Front 4

Acylium Ion

Back 4

An acyl group fragment with a positive charge. ( RC(triple bond O+)

Front 5

Benzylic position

Back 5

the carbon atom of an alkyl group that is directly bonded to a benzene ring; the position to a benzene ring.

Front 6

Benzyne

Back 6

A reactive intermediate in some nucleophilic aromatic subsitutions, benzyne is benzene with 2 hydrogens atoms removed.

Front 7

Clemmensen Reduction

Back 7

The reduction of a carbonyl group to a methylene group by Zn(Hg), in dilute HCl.

Front 8

Deactivating Group

Back 8

A substituent that makes the aromatic ring less reactive (usually toward EAS) than benzene.

Front 9

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS)

Back 9

Replacement of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring by a strong electrophile.

Front 10

Friedel-Crafts Acylation

Back 10

Formation of a an acylbenzene by substitution of an acylium ion on an aromatic ring.

Front 11

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation

Back 11

Formation of an alkyl-substituted benzene derivative by substitution of an alkyl carbocation or carbocation-like species on an aromatic ring.

Front 12

Gatterman-Koch Synthesis

Back 12

The synthesis of benzaldehydes by treating a benzene derivative with CO and HCl using an AlCl3/CuCl catalyst.

Front 13

Halonium Ion

Back 13

Any positively charged ion that has a positive charge on a halogen atom

Front 14

Inductive Stabilization

Back 14

Stabilization of a reactive intermediate by donation or withdrawal of electorn ensity through sigma bonds.

Front 15

Nitration

Back 15

Replacement of a hydrogen atom by a nitro group, -NO2

Front 16

Nitronium Ion

Back 16

the NO2+ ion.

Front 17

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substituion (NAS)

Back 17

Replacement of a leaving group on an aromatic ring by a strong nucleophile.

Front 18

Ortho, Para director

Back 18

A substituent that activates primarily the ortho and para position toward attack.

Front 19

Resonance Stabilization

Back 19

Stabilization of a reactive intermediate by donation or withdrawal of electron-density through pi bonds.

Front 20

Sulfonation

Back 20

Replacement of a hydrogen atom by a sulfonic acid group, -SO3H

Front 21

Desulfonation

Back 21

Replacement of the SO3H group by a hydrogen. In benzene derivatives, this is done by heating with water or steam.