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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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adrenal gland
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a gland on the upper surface of the kidney. The outer region (cortex) secretes steroid hormones; the inner region (medulla) secreted epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) (root adren/o)
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endocrine
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pertaining to a ductless gland that secretes directly into the blood
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hormone
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a secretion of an endocrine gland. A substance that travels in the blood and has a regulatory effect on tissues, organs, or glands
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hypophysis
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the pituitary gland (root hypophys); named from hypo meaning "below" and physis meaning "growing" because the gland grows below the hypothalamus
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hypothalamus
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a portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and is active in maintaining homeostasis
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pancreatic islets
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Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secrete hormones that regulate sugar metabolism; also called islets of Langerhans or islet cells (root insul/o, meaning "island"
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parathyroid glands
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small glands on the back of the thyroid that act to increase blood calcium levels; there are usually four to six parathyr/o, parathyroid/o); the name literally means "near the thyroid"
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pituitary gland
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a small endocrine gland at the base of the brain. The anterior lobe secreted growth hormone and hormones that stimulate other glands; the posterior lobe releases ADH and oxytocin manufactured in the hypothalamus
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prostaglandins
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a group of hormones produced throughout throughout the body that have a variety of effects, including stimulation of uterine contractions and regulation of blood pressure, blood clotting, and inflammation
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receptor
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a site on the cell membrane to which a substance, such as a hormone, attaches
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steroid hormone
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a hormone made from lipids including the sex hormones and the hormones of the adrenal cortex
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target tissue
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the specific tissue on which a hormone acts; may also be referred to as the target organ
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thyroid gland
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an endocrine gland on either side of the larynx and upper trachea. It secretes hormones that affect metabolism and growth and a hormone that regulates calcium balance (root thyr/o, thyroid/o)
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endocrin/o
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endocrine glands or system
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pituitar
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pituitary gland, hypophysis
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hypophys
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pituitary gland, hypophysis
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thyr/o, thyroid/o
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thyroid gland
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parathyr/o, paratyroid/o
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parathyroid gland
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adren/o, adrenal/o
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adrenal gland, epinephrine
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adrenocortic/o
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adrenal cortex
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insul/o
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pancreatic islets
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acromegaly
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overgrowth of bone and soft tissue, especially in the hands, feet, and face, caused by an excess of growth hormone in an adult. The name comes from acro meaning "extremity" and megal/o meaning "enlargement"
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Addison disease
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A disease resulting from the deficiency of adrenocortical hormones. It is marked by darkening of the skin, weakness, and alternations in salt and water balance
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adenoma
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a neoplasm of a gland
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congenital
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a condition caused by congenital lack of thyroid secretion and marked by arrested physical and mental development; formerly called cretinism
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Cushing disease
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Overactivity of the adrenal cortex resulting from excess production of ACTH by the pituitary
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Cushing syndrome
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A condition resulting from an excess of hormones from the adrenal cortex. It is associated with obesity, weakness, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hirsutism (excess hair growth)
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diabetes insipidus
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A disorder caused by insufficient release of ADH from the posterior pituitary. It results in excessive thirst and production of large amounts of very dilute urine. The word insipidus means "tasteless", referring to the dilution of urine
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diabetes mellitus
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A disorder of glucose metabolism caused by deficiency of insulin production or failure of the tissues to respond to insulin. Type 1 is juvenile-onset or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM); type 2 is adult-onset or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The word mellitus comes from the Latin root for honey, referring to the sugar content of the urine
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exophthalmos
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protrusion of the eyeballs as seen in Graves disease
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gigantism
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overgrowth caused by an excess of growth hormone from the pituitary during childhood; also called giantism
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glycosuria
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excess sugar in the urine
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goiter
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enlargement of the thyroid gland. May be toxic or nontoxic. Simple (nontoxic) goiter is caused by iodine deficiency
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Graves disease
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An autoimmune disease resulting in hyperthyroidism. A prominent symptom is exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeballs). Also called exophthalmic goiter
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hyperglycemia
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excess glucose in the blood
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hypoglycemia
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abnormally low level of glucose in the blood
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insulin shock
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a condition resulting from an overdose of insulin, causing hypoglycemia
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ketoacidosis
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acidosis (increased acidity of body fluids) caused by an excess of ketone bodies, as in diabetes mellitus; diabetic acidosis
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metabolic syndrome
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a state of hyperglycemia caused by cellular resistance to insulin; as seen in type 2 diabetes, in association with other metabolic disorders; syndrome X or insulin resistance syndrome
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myxedema
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a condition caused by hypothyroidism in an adult. There is dry, waxy smelling most notable in the face
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panhypopituitarism
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underactivity of the entire pituitary gland
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panhypopituitarism
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underactivity of the entire pituitary gland
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tetany
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irritability and spasm of muscles; may be caused by low blood calcium and other factors
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pineal gland
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a small gland in the brain. Its function in humans is not clear, but it seems to regulate behavior and sexual development in response to environment light
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sella turcica
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a saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone that contained the pituitary gland (literally means "Turkish saddle")
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sphenoid bone
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a bone at the base of the skull that houses the pituitary gland
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adrogenital syndrome
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condition caused by overproduction of androgens from the adrenal cortex, resulting in masculinization; may be congenital or acquired, usually as a result of an adrenal tumor
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Conn syndrome
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Hyperaldosteronism caused by adrenal tumor
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craniopharyngioma
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a tumor of the pituitary gland
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Hashimoto disease
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a chronic thyroiditis of autoimmune origin
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ketosis
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accumulation of ketone bodies, such as avetone, in the body. Usually results from deficiency or faulty metabolism of carbohydrates, as in the case of diabetes mellitus and starvation
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multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)
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a hereditary disorder causes tumors in several endocrine glands; classified according to the combination of glands involved
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pheochromocytoma
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a usually benign tumor of the sdrenal medulla or other structures containing chromaffin cells (cells that stain with chromium salts). The tumor causes increase production of epinephrine and norpeinephrine
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pituitary apoplexy
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sudden massive hemorrhage and degeneration of the pituitary gland associated with a pituitary tumor. Common symptoms unclude sever headache, visual problems, and loss of consciousness.
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Simmonds disease
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Hypofunction of the anterior pituitary (panhypopituitarism), usually because of an infarction; pituitary cahcexia
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thyroid storm
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a sudden onset of the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis occurring in patients with hyperthyroidism who are untreated or poorly treated. May be brought on by illness or trauma. Also called thyroid crisis.
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thyrotoxicosis
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condition resulting from overactivity of the thyroid gland. Symptoms include anxiety, irritability, weight loss, and sweating. The main example of thyrotoxicosis is Graves disease
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von Reckilnghausen disease
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degeneration of bone caused by excess production of hormone from the parathyroid glands. Also called Recklinghausen disease of born
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fasting plasma
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measurement of glucose in the blood after a fast of atlease 8 hours. A reading equal to or less than 126mg/dL indicates diabetes. Also called fasting blood glucose (FBG) or fasting blood sugar (FBS)
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free thyroxine index (FTI, T7)
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claculation based on the amount of T4 present and T3 uptaked that is used to diagnose thyroid dysfunction
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glycosylated hemoglobin test
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a test that measures the bidning of glucose to hemoglobin during the lifespan of the red blood cell. It reflects the average blood glucose level over 2 to 3 months and is useful in evaluating long-term therapy for diabetes mellitus. Also called glycohemoglobin test
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oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
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measurement of glucose levels in the blood plasma after administration of a challenge dose of glucose to a fasting patient. Used to measure patient's ability to metabolize glucose. A value equal to or less than 200mg/dL in the 2-hour sample indicates diabetes
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radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU)
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a test that measures thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine as an evaluation of thyroid function
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radioimmunoassay (RIA)
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a method of measuring very small amounts of a substance, especially hormones, in blood plasma using radioactively labeled hormones and specific antibodies
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thyroid scan
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visualization of the thyroid gland after administration of radioactive iodine
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thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) test
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test that measures the main protein that binds T4 in the blood
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transsphenoidal adenomectomy
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removal of a pituitary tumor through the sphenoid sinus (space in the sphenoid bone)
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