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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lamarck inheritance of acquired characteristics theory
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-concept of use and disuse
-ex) organs used a lot developed -changes called by lamarck acquired characteristics *Lamarck WRONG (traits inherited not acquired) |
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Darwins natural selection theory
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-organism has offspring, some live to reproductive age
-variations in individuals can be inherited, if increase survival =favorable -overtime favorable variations passed on long enough that get new species=natural selection=survival of the fittest |
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natural selection is____of evolution
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mechanism
evolution isn't equivalent to natural selection |
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neodarwinism (modern synthesis)
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-gene changed due to mutation/recombination=favorable, passed on and opposite also true=differential reproduction
-survival of fittest lead to increase of those genes in gene pool (genes of all individuals in population,) |
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punctuated equilibrium theory
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-due to studying fossils
-changes occur in rapid bursts (darwin says evenly across time) -ex) dinosaur extinction, event caused change of their evolution |
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evolution is theory explaining
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origin of species
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evidence of evolution from many areas:
paleontology biogeography comparative anatomy comparative embryology molecular biology |
-relate age of fossils to anatomy/abundance to find succession of species
-evolution not same everywhere on earth, different environment lead to species divergence -homologous, analogous, vestigial structures -examine embryo of different species and compare -compare DNA to see similarity, also look at protein |
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homologous structures
analogous structures vestigial structures |
-common evolutionary origin (ancestor) but not necessarily same function ex) bat wing human forearm
-similar function/purpose NO common origin ex) bug wing and bird wing -once structures will purpose no longer important ex) human tailbone |
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gene freq=
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how often allele appears in population
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if NO change in gene freq=no evolution
for this to be true need to meet 5 criteria |
-large population
-no mutations affecting gene pool -random mating -no net migration in/out -genes all equally successful at reproducing *if all true population=hardy weinberg equilibrium |
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designate p as dominant allele q as recessive allele
p+q= p^2+2pq+q^2= |
-1
-1 *p^2= freq of homo dominant *2pq=freq of hetero *q^2=freq of homo recessive |
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hardy weinberg equations tell us (2)
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-freq of genes in population
-freq of phenotype in population |
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if 100 people then ___alleles
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200
*twice as many genes as people because everyone has 2 copies of each gene |
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microevolution(changes over short period):
natural selection mutation assortive mating genetic drift gene flow *all these are exceptions to hardy equil |
-favorable genotype selected,freq increases in gene pool
-change allele freq -not randomly mated, mate based on proximity/phenotype -change in gene pool due to chance ex) natural barrier separate 2 populations -migration |
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natural selection only cause of evolution over LONG steady periods
can occur as (3) |
-stabilizing: keep phenotype in certain range by eliminating extremes ex) human birth weight
-directional: emergence/dominance of an initially extreme phenotype ex) bacteria once killed by antibiotics, after exposure some resistant and now more prevalent -disruptive: both extremes chosen over norm phenotype ex) birds will large beaks and ones with small, have common ancestor |
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altruistic behaviour
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-exception to darwin
-sacrifice for others, selflessness ex) worker insects |
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group selection theory
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-tries to explain altruistic by saying genes may cause certain people in pop not to reproduce
-problem=these genes can't be passed on then |
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kin selection theory
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-similar to group
-organism behave altruistic if closely related to reproducing organism -consistent with neo darwinism |
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inclusive fitness=
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-# alleles organism passes even if indirectly through altruistic behaviour
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speciation
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new species arises
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reproductive isolation caused by (2)
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-prezygotic: no zygote can be formed if 2 different species mate
-postzygotic: zygote forms, but offspring infertile or dies |
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adaptive radiation and pro
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-single ancestor-->many species diverge
-fast, decreases competition for limited resources |
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convergent evolution
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dont share common ancestor
similar environment=similarities ex)dolphin fish |
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divergent evolution
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common ancestor
different environment=differences ex) dolphin cat |
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parallel evolution
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related species evolve similar way
similar environment |
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origin of life:
primordial soup |
-C,N,H little O in seas
-with energy from different sources soup+energy=organic molecules like aa |
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protobionts
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-primitve ancestor of living cells
-collection of organic polymer -grow/divide but couldnt pass info |
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then after protobiont formation had____formation
*first molecule to pass genetic info= |
genetic material formation
RNA |
