Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Tactile Receptor
|
Provide sensations of touch, heat and pressure
|
|
|
free nerve endings
|
sensitive to touch and pressure
|
|
|
root hair plexus nerve endings
|
monitor distortions and movements across the body surface wherever hairs are located
|
|
|
lamellated corpuscles
(pacinian corpuscles) |
sensitive to deep pressure
fast-adapting receptors most sensitive to pulsing or high-frequency vibrating stimuli |
|
|
tactile disks
(Merkel disks) |
fine touch and pressure receptors
extremely sensitive tonic receptors have very small receptor fields |
|
|
Ruffini Corpuscles
|
sensitive to pressure and distortion of the skin
Located in the reticular (deep) dermis Tonic receptors that show little if any adaption |
|
|
Tactile Corpuscles
(Meissner Corpuscles) |
Fine touch, pressure and low-frequency vibration
Rapidly adapting Most abundant in the eyelids, lips, fingertips, nipples and external genitalia. |
|
|
What are the three kinds of somatic sensory pathways?
|
posterior column pathway
spinothalamic pathway spinocerebellar pathway |
|
|
Posterior Column Pathway
|
highly localized "fine" touch, pressure, vibration and propioception.
1st order neurons-fasiculus gracilis and fasiculus cuneatus synapse to 2nd order neurons in medulla oblongata 2nd order neurons ascend from other side of medulla to thalamus 3rd order -- project information to the primary sensory cortex (post-central gyrus of parietal lobe) |
|
|
Why do distortions of sensory homunculus occur?
|
Because areas of sensory cortex devoted to a particular body region vary according to the number of receptors, not proportional to region's size
|
|
|
Spinothalamic Pathway
|
1st order neurons synapse with 2nd order neurons in grey horns of spinal cord
2nd order neurons cross spinal cord and ascend with the anterior or lateral spinothalamic tracts 3rd order neurons - synapse in the ventral nucleus group of the thalamus |
|
|
Anterior tracts
|
crude touch and pressure
|
|
|
Lateral tracts
|
pain and temperature
|
|
|
What is referred pain?
|
Visceral organs don't have nocireceptors, so the pain projects to the primary sensory cortex and as a result pain is felt in the body surface
|
|
|
What are the two strategies of pain inhibition?
|
Central Pain Inhibition
Afferent Inhibition |
|
|
Afferent Inhibition (Gate Theory)
|
'slow" pain carried by Type C fibers can be overridden by information from Type A fibers
|
|
|
Central Pain Inhibition
|
Afferent nociceptive information can be inhibited by efferent endogenous opioid neuropeptides (enkephalins, endorphins)
|
|
|
Medial Pathway
|
Subconscious motor command control of gross movements of proximal limb muscles and trunk
|
|
|
Lateral Pathway
|
Subconscious motor command control of distal limb muscles (more precise movements)
|
|
|
Which skin receptors are superficial?
|
Meissner's Corpuscle, Merkel's Disk, hair root plexi
|
|
|
Which skin receptors are deep?
|
Krause's Endbulb, Ruffini's Ending, Pacinian Corpuscle
|
|
|
Stretch receptors in muscle spindle
|
Monitor change in muscle length and tension
|
|
|
What does the Golgi Tendon Organ do?
|
Monitor changes in the tendon length and tension
|
|
|
What do free nerve endings do?
|
Include thermoreceptors, cranial neurons in hypothalamus that detect blood temperature, and nocireceptors
|
|
|
anterior thalamic nucleus
|
part of limbic system; emotions
|
|
|
medial thalamic nucleus
|
awareness and emotional states
|
|
|
ventral thalamic nucleus
|
relay sensory info
|
|
|
posterior thalamic nucleus
|
relay sensory info (auditory/visual)
|
|
|
lateral thalamic nucleus
|
affects emotional states and integrates sensory info
|
|
|
Which thalamic nuclei relate to emotional states?
|
anterior, lateral, medial
|
|
|
Which thalamic nuclei relate to sensory relay?
|
ventral, posterior, lateral
|
|
|
Which thalamic nucleus relates to emotional states and sensory relay?
|
lateral
|
|
|
What does the hypothalamus do?
|
Controls emotions, autonomic functions and hormone production
|
|
|
What are the structures of the hypothalamus?
|
infundibulum
mamillary bodies autonomic center supraoptic nucleus paraventricular nucleus pre-optic area suprachiasmatic nucleus |
|
|
Infundibulum
|
narrow stalk connecting the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
|
|
|
Mamillary bodies
|
Controls eating movements
Processes olfactory info |
|
|
Autonomic center
|
Control medulla; regulating heart rate and BP
|
|
|
What does the hypothalamus do?
|
Controls emotions, autonomic functions and hormone production
|
|
|
What are the structures of the hypothalamus?
|
infundibulum
mamillary bodies autonomic center supraoptic nucleus paraventricular nucleus pre-optic area suprachiasmatic nucleus |
|
|
Infundibulum
|
narrow stalk connecting the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
|
|
|
Mamillary bodies
|
Controls eating movements
Processes olfactory info |
|
|
Autonomic center
|
Control medulla; regulating heart rate and BP
|
|
|
Supraoptic nucleus
|
secretes antidiuretic hormone
|
|
|
paraventricular nucleus
|
secretes oxytocin
|
|
|
pre-optic area
|
regulates body temperature
|
|
|
suprachiasmatic nucleus
|
coordinates diurnal rhythms
|
|
|
association fiber
|
connections within in one hemisphere (arcuate fiber, longitudinal fasiculi)
|
|
|
commissural fiber
|
bands connecting two hemispheres (corpus callosum, anterior commissure)
|
|
|
projection fiber
|
connect cerebrum with lower areas (internal capsule)
|
|
|
golgi tendon organs
|
monitor tension in tendons and ligaments (proprioceptors)
|
|
|
muscle spindles
|
monitor tension in muscles (p's)
|
|
|
Pacinian Corpuscles (Lamellated Corpuscles)
|
Sensitive to deep pressure
Fast-adapting receptors Sensitive to pulsing or high frequency stimuli |
|
|
Merkel Discs (Tactile Discs)
|
Fine touch and pressure receptors
Extremely sensitive tonic receptors Very small receptive fields |
|
|
Ruffini Corpuscles
|
Sensitive to pressure and distortion to the skin
Located in the reticular (deep) dermis Tonic receptors that show little if any distortin |
|
|
Meissner Corpuscles (Tactile Corpuscles)
|
Fine touch, pressure, low-frequency vibration
Rapidly adapting Most abundant in eyelids, lips, fingertips, nipples and external genitalia |
|
|
Light touch
|
Meissner's Corpuscle, Merkels' disc, hair root plexus
|
|
|
Deep Pressure
|
Pacinian Corpuscle
|
|
|
Crude Touch
|
Krause's Endbulb, Ruffini's Endign
|
|
|
Rods
|
More abundant and more sensitive
Serve in peripheral and night vision (R for raat) |
|
|
Cones
|
Work only in daylight
Detect red, blue, green (C for Color) |
|
|
white matter
|
myelinated axons
carries info to and fro |
|
|
grey matter
|
H/butterfly shape
unmyelinated axons integration and command initiation |
|
|
lateral division of spinothalamic pathway
|
pain and temperature
|
|
|
anterior division of spinothalamic pathway
|
crude tactile fibers,
|
|
|
supplementary motor area
|
coordinates complex movements
|
|
|
pre-motor cortex
|
(deep to supp)
relay station for voluntary muscle movements muscle memory |
|
|
primary motor cortex
|
specific muscle contraction
|
|
|
Susan sees a lion.
|
sympathetic.
|
|
|
Peter loves sex.
|
parasympathetic
|
|
|
collateral ganglia
|
anterior to vertebral bodies
innervate tissues and organs in abdominopelvic cavity reduces blood flow to unnecessary organs in f or f releases energy reserves |
|
|
sympathetic chain ganglia
|
both sides of vertebral column
controls effectors in body wall, limbs, head and thoracic cavity |
|
|
suprarenal medullae
|
short axons
release hormones into blood stream |
|
|
Alpha and beta receptors
|
bind with epinephrine and norepinephrine
|
|
|
Alpha-1
|
Most common type
Excitatory affect Releases Ca+ ions from ER |
|
|
Alpha-2
|
inhibits cAMP (second messenger)
coordination of sympathetic and parasympathetic activities |
|
|
Beta receptors in general
|
affects organ membranes
triggers metabolic changes increases cAMP levels |
|
|
Beta-1
|
Increases metabolism
|
|
|
Beta-2
|
relaxes muscles along respiratory tract
|
|
|
Beta-3
|
leads to lipolysis
|
|
|
Norepinephrine stimulates ______
|
alpha receptors
|
|
|
Epinephrine stimulates _______
|
alpha and beta receptors
|
|
|
The ________ is the main regulatory center for the sympathetic nervous system.
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
|
Preganglionic fibers originate in the _____ segments of the spinal cord.
|
sacral
|
|
|
Dual innervation
|
receive instructions from sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
|
|
|
Adrenal Medulla
|
Part of SNS (a modified ganglion)
|
|
|
Chromaffin cells are equivalent to _______ that have lost their axons.
|
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons
|
|
|
Beta receptors are most sensitive to ______ and that is why ______ acts on the heart so much.
|
epinephrine
|
|
|
Alpha receptors are most sensitive to _____ and that is why ____ binds to visceral arteries.
|
Norepinephrine
|
