Ch 15

Front 1

To carry out its functions a cell needs

Back 1

Constan supply of reactants (nutrients and oxygen) also needs system to remove waste products (carbon dioxide and water)

Front 2

Diffusion

Back 2

Reactants can diffuse through cell membrane. Waste products can diffuse out and be absorbed by surrounding liquid.

Front 3

Body composed of

Back 3

42 L of fluids on average (2/3 of body weight)

Front 4

Two categories of body fluids

Back 4

Intracellular and extracellular fluid.

Front 5

Intracellular fluid

Back 5

Located inside cells. Majority of fluids are here *28L

Front 6

Extracellular fluids

Back 6

Located outside cells. Transports substances to and from cells

Front 7

Two categories of extracellular fluids

Back 7

1. Interstitial fluid surround individual cells and moves in lymph vessels (10.5L to 20% of total fluid)

2. Plasma- the liquid portion of blood (3.5L- 7% of total)

•other body fluids are in lesser amounts and are urine, juices, cerebrospinal fluid

Front 8

Body fluids composition

Back 8

Intracellular fluids contain more protein than extracellular fluids and different ionic populations.

Hint 8

Front 9

98% of the oxygen needed

Back 9

By the body is carried by red blood cells. Other 2% dissolved in plasma due to low solubility of O2 in plasma.

Front 10

Oxygen reversibly binds

Back 10

To the heme group of hemoglobin in red blood cells

Front 11

Hemoglobin has

Back 11

4 chains and 4 hemes. 4 O2 can bind.

Cooperative protein - binding of one O2 increases affinity for other O2

Front 12

Heme structure

Back 12

Front 13

When CO2 is present

Back 13

Hemoglobin can reversibly bind it.

CO2 is transported in blood. 25% carried out by carbaminohemoglobin from body tissues to lungs.

5% dissolved in plasma

70% as HCO3- ions

Front 14

Transport of oxygen and CO2 to and from the Lungs

Back 14

Hint 14

Front 15

CO2 and O2

Back 15

Exchange at the lungs

Front 16

Transport of oxygen and CO2 to and from the cells of active tissue

Back 16

Hint 16

Front 17

CO2 and O2 exchange

Back 17

At cell

Front 18

Chemical transport to cells

Back 18

To be transported in the bloodstream, chemicals can 1. Dissolve in plasma (sugars and ions)

2. Bind to cellular components (O2 and CO2)

3. Form a suspension (lipids)

Front 19

Chemical transport across capillaries

Back 19

Hint 19

Front 20

Constituents of urine

Back 20

Urine is about 96% water and 4%dissolved organic and inorganic waste products.

• can be used diagnostically( ph,alkalinity, or acidity)

• Normal constituents are considered abnormal when they are eliminated in excess.

•

Front 21

Glucosuria

Back 21

Diabetes mellitus, renal diabetes. Alimentary glycosurina. Glucose in large amounts

Front 22

Proteinuria (albuminuria)

Back 22

Kidney damage, nephritis, bladder infection. Protein.

Front 23

Ketonuria

Back 23

Diabetes mellitus, starvation, high fat diets. Ketone bodies

Front 24

Pus

Back 24

Kidney or bladder infection

Front 25

Hemoglobinuria

Back 25

Excessive hemolysis of red blood celss. Hemoglobin

Front 26

Hematuria

Back 26

Hemorrhage in the urinary tract. Ted blood cells

Front 27

Jaundice

Back 27

Blockage of bile duct, hepatitis, cirrhosis. Bile pigments in large amounts

Front 28

Fluid and electrolyte balance

Back 28

Interdpendent, If one deviates from normal so does the other. Hospital patients given electrolyte and fluid balance therapy. Water input must equal water loss

Front 29

Water intake regulated by

Back 29

Thirst mechanism.

•salivary secretions decrease when body loses water.

• makes you thirsty and you drink water.

Front 30

Fluid balance in body maintained

Back 30

Or restored primarily by variation in urine output

Front 31

The rate of water reabsorption

Back 31

From the renal tubules in the kidneys can be varied to adjust for water intake.

Front 32

Renal tubles

Back 32

Small structures in the kidney that filter the blood and produce the urine

Front 33

Water reabsorption is controlled by

Back 33

The pituitary hormone vasopressin

And the adrenal cortex hormone aldosterone

Front 34

Vasopressin

Back 34

Increases reabsorption of water from renal tubules and into the capillaries increasing blood vol.

Front 35

When bodily fluid levels

Back 35

Run really low due to not drinking enough water, diarrhea or excessive perspiration. Aldoesterone is secreted which then stimulates the readsorption of Na+ at the kidney from the renal tubules into the blood.

•Chloride ions follow the sodium ions to maintain electric neutrality and water follows the NaCl

• therefore, both water and salt concentration are conserved

Front 36

Normal blood ph

Back 36

Range of 7.35-7.45

Front 37

Alkalosis

Back 37

Higher than normal blood pH

Front 38

Acidosis

Back 38

Lower than normal blood pH

Front 39

Three systems to control blood pH

Back 39

Buffer, respiratory, urinary

Front 40

Buffer control of blood pH

Back 40

3 major buffer systems of the blood.

1. Bicarbonate buffer

2. Phosphate buffer

3. Plasma proteins

Buffers work by neutralizing H+ and Oh ions that come from dissociation of acids or bases.

Front 41

Respiratory control of blood pH

Back 41

Respiration helps control blood pH by regulating the elimination of CO2 and H2O. Come from break down of carbonic acid

• the more CO2 and H2O exhaled, the more carbonic acid is removed. Raising blood pH.

Hint 41

Front 42

Respiratory control of blood pH cont

Back 42

Begins in the brain with respiratory center neurons that are sentitive to co2 and pH

Front 43

Hyperventilation

Back 43

Rapid deep berthing. Causes an increase in blood pH when pH level is lower than normal or high CO2

•increased breathing eliminates more CO2, reduces amount of carbonic acid and H+ and increases pH to normal.

Front 44

Hypoventilation

Back 44

Slow, shallow breathing causes a decrease in blood pH when pH level is above normal.

•less CO2 exhaled, higher concentration of carbonic acid remains and lowers pH to normal.

Front 45

Urinary control of blood pH

Back 45

Kidneys can excrete varying amounts of acidic and base so they can control pH

• the kidneys when the blood is acidic, can excrete H+ ions in the urine decreasing it's pH and raising blood pH

Hint 45

Front 46

Reactions involved in the excretion of hydrogen ions

Back 46

Front 47

Maintain ratio of biocarbonate

Back 47

To carbonic acid in plasma (20-1 normal condition)

Front 48

Respiratory and urinary systems

Back 48

Work together to maintain pH by maintaining this ratio. Change ratio change pH.

Front 49

pH imbalances

Back 49

In body fluids are brought on by:

1. abnormal breathing (acidosis or alkalosis)

2.other factors (metabolic acidosis or alkalosis)

Increase ratio=alkalosis

Decrease ration= acidosis

Front 50

Respiratory alkalosis

Back 50

Hyperventilation increases CO2 loss, this increasing blood pH. Loss of CO2

Front 51

Respiratory acidosis

Back 51

Hypoventilation (slow shallow breathing.) Decreases CO2 loss, thus decreasing blood pH

Front 52

Metabolic acidosis

Back 52

An increase in h+ in bodily fluids caused by diabetes mellitus, heavy exercise, acids developed by metabolic processes. Leads to lower blood pH. When H+ diffuses into blood.

Front 53

Metabolic alkalosis

Back 53

A decrease in H+ in bodily fluids caused by: Vomiting (loss of stomach acid)

:ingestion of alkaline substances.

Leads to an increase in blood pH

•body responds by slowing breathing (hypoventilation)